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English Language is a link language in Social Strata: A Critical Review

has also borrowed many words directly from latin, the ancestor of the romance languages, during all stages of its development. > ap courses and exams > the ap english language and composition exam. of the number of english speakers who are second language and foreign-language speakers vary greatly from 470 million to more than 1,000 million depending on how proficiency is defined. the great vowel shift explains many irregularities in spelling, since english retains many spellings from middle english, and it also explains why english vowel letters have very different pronunciations from the same letters in other languages. middle english began in the late 11th century with the norman conquest of england, and was a period in which the language was influenced by french. the norman conquest of england in 1066, the now norsified old english language was subject to contact with the old norman language, a romance language closely related to modern french."en" is the common language code for english (by iso 639-1 standard).[118] it achieved parity with french as a language of diplomacy at the treaty of versailles negotiations in 1919. log in to your account and then click on the secure documents link within the resources section of your course status page. your students to visit the ap english language and composition student page for exam information and exam practice. depending on the linking words selected, the connection between the concepts becomes more apparent, clear, vivid, self-explanatory, definite or on the contrary, more nebulous, vague, inexplicit, ambiguous or obscure.

English language - Wikipedia

[41] compared to european languages for which official organisations have promoted spelling reforms, english has spelling that is a less consistent indicator of pronunciation and standard spellings of words that are more difficult to guess from knowing how a word is pronounced.)[188] in contrast to many other germanic languages there is no major differences between word order in main and subordinate clauses. is a pluricentric language, which means that no one national authority sets the standard for use of the language. decolonisation proceeded throughout the british empire in the 1950s and 1960s, former colonies often did not reject english but rather continued to use it as independent countries setting their own language policies., roger (2002), "south african english", in mesthrie, rajend, language in south africa, cambridge university press, isbn 978-0-521-79105-2. through all types of printed and electronic media, as well as the emergence of the united states as a global superpower, english has become the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions and in professional contexts such as science, navigation, and law.[107] however english is rarely spoken as a first language, numbering only around a couple hundred-thousand people, and less than 5% of the population speak fluent english in india.[119] by the time of the foundation of the united nations at the end of world war ii, english had become pre-eminent [120] and is now the main worldwide language of diplomacy and international relations. depending on the linking words selected, the connection between the concepts becomes more apparent, clear, vivid, self-explanatory, definite or on the contrary, more nebulous, vague, inexplicit, ambiguous or obscure. english is unusual among world languages in how many of its users are not native speakers but speakers of english as a second or foreign language.[60] in kachru's three-circles model, the "outer circle" countries are countries such as the philippines,[75] jamaica,[76] india, pakistan[citation needed], singapore,[77] and nigeria[78][79] with a much smaller proportion of native speakers of english but much use of english as a second language for education, government, or domestic business, and where english is routinely used for school instruction and official interactions with the government.

Linking Words

english, sometimes described as the first global lingua franca,[51][112] is also regarded as the first world language.^ "which countries are best at english as a second language?[210][215] the influence of english comes from such factors as opinion leaders in other countries knowing the english language, the role of english as a world lingua franca, and the large number of books and films that are translated from english into other languages. english through its history has changed considerably in response to contact with other languages, particularly old norse and norman french, some scholars have argued that english can be considered a mixed language or a creole – a theory called the middle english creole hypothesis. tree showing the historical relations between the languages of the west germanic branch of the germanic languages. each of these areas are home both to a local variety of english and a local english based creole, combining english and african languages. where english is official but not a majority native language.[113][114] english is the world's most widely used language in newspaper publishing, book publishing, international telecommunications, scientific publishing, international trade, mass entertainment, and diplomacy.[7] it is the third most common native language in the world, after mandarin and spanish. in the post-colonial period, some of the newly created nations that had multiple indigenous languages opted to continue using english as the official language to avoid the political difficulties inherent in promoting any one indigenous language above the others. has ceased to be an "english language" in the sense of belonging only to people who are ethnically english.

Purdue OWL: MLA Formatting and Style Guide

[218] dubbed films and television programmes are an especially fruitful source of english influence on languages in europe. there are different l2 varieties that differ based on the native language of the speakers.[114] english is, by international treaty, the basis for the required controlled natural languages[115] seaspeak and airspeak, used as international languages of seafaring[116] and aviation. timing and format for the AP English Language and Composition Exam, and review sample questions, scoring guidelines, and sample student responses. also: list of territorial entities where english is an official language, list of countries by english-speaking population, and english-speaking world. the english vocabulary has been significantly influenced by other germanic languages in the early medieval period, and later by romance languages, particularly latin and french. in 1755 samuel johnson published his a dictionary of the english language which introduced a standard set of spelling conventions and usage norms.[51][52] by the 21st century, english was more widely spoken and written than any language has ever been. it is the most widely spoken germanic language, accounting for at least 70% of speakers of this indo-european branch. this process of adding words from other languages is commonplace in many world languages, but english is characterised as being especially open to borrowing of foreign words throughout the last 1,000 years. even after the vowel shift the language still sounded different from modern english: for example, the consonant clusters /kn ɡn sw/ in knight, gnat, and sword were still pronounced.

AP Central - The AP English Language and Composition Exam

the problem with trying to number the words in any language is that it's very hard to agree on the basics. the three-circles model, countries such as poland, china, brazil, germany, japan, indonesia, egypt, and other countries where english is taught as a foreign language make up the "expanding circle". commerce, science and technology, diplomacy, art, and formal education all contributed to english becoming the first truly global language. formation of new words, called neologisms, based on greek or latin roots (for example television or optometry) is a highly productive process in english and in most modern european languages, so much so that it is often difficult to determine in which language a neologism originated.[201] but one of the consequences of long language contact between french and english in all stages of their development is that the vocabulary of english has a very high percentage of "latinate" words (derived from french, especially, and also from latin or from other romance languages).[17] these shared innovations show that the languages have descended from a single common ancestor, which linguists call proto-germanic. it is most closely related to the frisian languages, low german (low saxon), german, dutch and afrikaans. it is the most commonly spoken language in the united kingdom, the united states, canada, australia, ireland, and new zealand, and is widely spoken in some areas of the caribbean, africa, and south asia. although the high degree of influence from these languages on the vocabulary and grammar of modern english is widely acknowledged, most specialists in language contact do not consider english to be a true mixed language. tip: finding the right word for a text, letter, review or essay not only involves your brain's intuition and memory, but in these days frequently the use of search engines (although synonym lists can be a big help either). is today considered a separate language from english, but it has its origins in early northern middle english[239] and developed and changed during its history with influence from other sources, particularly scots gaelic and old norse.

Why is English so weirdly different from other languages? | Aeon

subsets of english arise spontaneously in international communities, for example, among international business people, as an auxiliary language.[14] particular dialects of old and middle english also developed into a number of other english (anglic) languages, including scots[15] and the extinct fingallian and forth and bargy (yola) dialects of ireland. essay in a book, or an article in journal should include page numbers. varieties of english learned by speakers who are not native speakers born to english-speaking parents may be influenced, especially in their grammar, by the other languages spoken by those learners. in south africa, english has been spoken since 1820, co-existing with afrikaans and various african languages such as the khoe and bantu languages."linking words" is used as a term to denote a class of english words which are employed to link or connect parts of speech or even whole sentences. increased use of the english language globally has had an effect on other languages, leading to some english words being assimilated into the vocabularies of other languages. it's impossible to count the number of words in a language, because it's so hard to decide what actually counts as a word.: mla (modern language association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. lay summary – language (journal of the linguistic society of america) (26 february 2015). english has little inflection compared with many other languages, and relies more on auxiliary verbs and word order for the expression of complex tenses, aspect and mood, as well as passive constructions, interrogatives and some negation.

Ap® english language and composition 2014 scoring guidelines

the working languages at the un secretariat are english and french. while the european union (eu) allows member states to designate any of the national languages as an official language of the union, in practice english is the main working language of eu organisations. is an indo-european language, and belongs to the west germanic group of the germanic languages. also: english language in england, northern england english, scots language, scottish english, welsh english, estuary english, ulster english, and hiberno-english. is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states.[103] many speakers of english in africa have become part of an "afro-saxon" language community that unites africans from different countries. in which languages does a licence holder need to demonstrate proficiency? english next: why global english may mean the end of 'english as a foreign language' (pdf).[216] that pervasive use of english leads to a conclusion in many places that english is an especially suitable language for expressing new ideas or describing new technologies. can now explore sample student responses and scoring commentary for the secure 2016 ap english language and composition exam posted on the ap course audit site.[28] modern english developed mainly from mercian, but the scots language developed from northumbrian.

Ap® english language and composition 2012 scoring guidelines

there are 2 categories of linking words (or connecting words):Relations between words. ap english language and composition exam includes multiple-choice and free-response questions that test essential skills covered in the course curriculum:Reading comprehension of rhetorically and topically diverse texts. native speakers are now substantially outnumbered worldwide by second-language speakers of english (not counted in this chart). has a strong influence on the vocabulary of other languages. 1788 english has been spoken in oceania, and the major native dialect of australian english is spoken as a first language by the vast majority of the inhabitants of the australian continent, with general australian serving as the standard accent. to access, sign in to your ap course audit account and click on the secure documents link in the resources section of your course status page. analysis: students read a non-fiction text and analyze how the writer's language choices contribute to his or her purpose and intended meaning for the text. is essential to understand how linking words, as a part of speech, can be used to combine ideas in writing.[211] english continues to gain new loanwords and calques ("loan translations") from languages all over the world, and words from languages other than the ancestral anglo-saxon language make up about 60 percent of the vocabulary of english. is spoken widely in south africa and is an official or co-official language in several countries. "between english and esperanto: what does it take to be a world language?

George Orwell: Politics and the English Language

: analytic languagesenglish languageenglish languagesfusional languagesgermanic languageslanguages of american samoalanguages of antigua and barbudalanguages of australialanguages of belizelanguages of bermudalanguages of botswanalanguages of cameroonlanguages of canadalanguages of fijilanguages of ghanalanguages of grenadalanguages of guamlanguages of guyanalanguages of hong konglanguages of indialanguages of irelandlanguages of jamaicalanguages of kenyalanguages of kiribatilanguages of lesotholanguages of liberialanguages of malawilanguages of malaysialanguages of maltalanguages of mauritiuslanguages of namibialanguages of naurulanguages of new zealandlanguages of nigerialanguages of niuelanguages of pakistanlanguages of palaulanguages of papua new guinealanguages of rwandalanguages of saint kitts and nevislanguages of saint lucialanguages of saint vincent and the grenadineslanguages of samoalanguages of seychelleslanguages of sierra leonelanguages of singaporelanguages of south africalanguages of south sudanlanguages of sudanlanguages of swazilandlanguages of the bahamaslanguages of the british virgin islandslanguages of the cayman islandslanguages of the marshall islandslanguages of the philippineslanguages of the pitcairn islandslanguages of the solomon islandslanguages of the united kingdomlanguages of the united states virgin islandslanguages of the united stateslanguages of tokelaulanguages of trinidad and tobagolanguages of ugandalanguages of vanuatulanguages of zambialanguages of zimbabwestress-timed languagessubject–verb–object languageshidden categories: wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalismwikipedia indefinitely move-protected pagesgood articlesuse dmy dates from february 2016engvarb from july 2014languages with iso 639-2 codelanguages with iso 639-1 codeiso language articles citing sources other than ethnologuearticles including recorded pronunciationsarticles containing greek-language textarticles containing russian-language textarticles containing sanskrit-language textarticles containing old english-language textall articles with unsourced statementsarticles with unsourced statements from january 2016articles with haudio microformatspages containing links to subscription-or-libraries contentpages containing links to subscription-only contentpages with login required references or sourceswikipedia articles with gnd identifiers.[64] in his model, the "inner circle" countries are countries with large communities of native speakers of english, "outer circle" countries have small communities of native speakers of english but widespread use of english as a second language in education or broadcasting or for local official purposes, and "expanding circle" countries are countries where many learners learn english as a foreign language.[158] some traits typical of germanic languages persist in english, such as the distinction between irregularly inflected strong stems inflected through ablaut (i. there are 2 categories of linking words (or connecting words):Relations between words. is typical of an indo-european language, english follows accusative morphosyntactic alignment. this has led some scholars to develop the study of english as an auxiliary languages. of 2016, 400 million people spoke english as their first language, and 1.[12] most closely related to english are the frisian languages, and english and frisian form the anglo-frisian subgroup within west germanic., besides forming new words from existing words and their roots, also borrows words from other languages."linking words" is used as a term to denote a class of english words which are employed to link or connect parts of speech or even whole sentences.[130] english is used as the language for wider communication in countries around the world.

  the survey of the germanic branch languages includes chapters by winfred p.^ "indiaspeak: english is our 2nd language – the times of india". in most countries english is not an official language, it is currently the language most often taught as a foreign language. terms of rhythm, english is generally described as a stress-timed language, meaning that the amount of time between stressed syllables tends to be equal.[45][46] as england continued to form new colonies, these in turn became independent and developed their own norms for how to speak and write the language.[131] thus english has grown in worldwide use much more than any constructed language proposed as an international auxiliary language, including esperanto. and territories where english is an official language, but not the majority first language.[59] english is probably the third largest language by number of native speakers, after mandarin and spanish.[48][49][105] for example, the view of the english language among many indians has gone from associating it with colonialism to associating it with economic progress, and english continues to be an official language of india. links hererelated changesupload filespecial pagespermanent linkpage informationwikidata itemcite this page. some scholars mention a possibility of future divergence of english dialects into mutually unintelligible languages, most think a more likely outcome is that english will continue to function as a koineised language in which the standard form unifies speakers from around the world.

[122] many other worldwide international organisations, including the international olympic committee, specify english as a working language or official language of the organisation. there are exceptions to these generalisations, often the result of loanwords being spelled according to the spelling patterns of their languages of origin[222] or proposals by pedantic scholars in the early period of modern english to mistakenly follow the spelling patterns of latin for english words of germanic origin. in a 2012 official eurobarometer poll, 38 percent of the eu respondents outside the countries where english is an official language said they could speak english well enough to have a conversation in that language. old english and its closest relatives: a survey of the earliest germanic languages. old saxon and its descendent low german languages are also closely related, and sometimes low german, english, and frisian are grouped together as the ingvaeonic or north sea germanic languages. tip: finding the right word for a text, letter, review or essay not only involves your brain's intuition and memory, but in these days frequently the use of search engines (although synonym lists can be a big help either).[87][88][89][90] but english is not a divided language,[91] despite a long-standing joke originally attributed to george bernard shaw that the united kingdom and the united states are "two countries separated by a common language".[165] in modern english, adjectives are not inflected, and they do not agree in form with the noun they modify, as adjectives in most other indo-european languages do. regional international organisations such as the european free trade association, association of southeast asian nations (asean),[52] and asia-pacific economic cooperation (apec) set english as their organisation's sole working language even though most members are not countries with a majority of native english speakers. articles: list of dialects of the english language, world englishes, and regional accents of english. controllers working on stations serving designated airports and routes used by international air services shall demonstrate language proficiency in english as well as in any other language(s) used by the station on the ground.

English as a link language essay

, the waves of norse colonisation of northern parts of the british isles in the 8th and 9th centuries put old english into intense contact with old norse, a north germanic language.[81] the distinctions between english as a first language, as a second language, and as a foreign language are often debatable and may change in particular countries over time. the power of babel: language and governance in the african experience. a minority of linguists,[256] contrarily, propose that aave mostly traces back to african languages spoken by the slaves who had to develop a pidgin or creole english to communicate with slaves of other ethnic and linguistic origins.[80] for example, in the netherlands and some other countries of europe, knowledge of english as a second language is nearly universal, with over 80 percent of the population able to use it,[82] and thus english is routinely used to communicate with foreigners and often in higher education. the period from the 8th to the 12th century, old english gradually transformed through language contact into middle english.[121] it is one of six official languages of the united nations.[51][52] in the countries of the eu, english is the most widely spoken foreign language in nineteen of the twenty-five member states where it is not an official language (that is, the countries other than the uk, ireland and malta).[8] it is the most widely learned second language and an official language of the united nations, of the european union, and of many other world and regional international organisations. language rights revisited: the challenge of global migration and communication. sociolinguistics: an international handbook of the science of language and society / soziolinguistik ein internationales handbuch zur wissenschaft vov sprache and gesellschaft.

the english of neighbouring new zealand has to a lesser degree become an influential standard variety of the language. the english language in canada: status, history and comparative analysis. today about 9 percent of the south african population speak south african english (sae) as a first language., like the other insular germanic languages, icelandic and faroese, developed independently of the continental germanic languages and their influences. is classified as a germanic language because it shares new language features (different from other indo-european languages) with other germanic languages such as dutch, german, and swedish. this influence of english has led to concerns about language death,[127] and to claims of linguistic imperialism,[128] and has provoked resistance to the spread of english; however the number of speakers continues to increase because many people around the world think that english provides them with opportunities for better employment and improved lives. [269] locals are often fluent both in the local english variety and the local creole languages and code-switching between them is frequent, indeed another way to conceptualise the relationship between creole and standard varieties is to see a spectrum of social registers with the creole forms serving as "basilect" and the more rp-like forms serving as the "acrolect", the most formal register., from the beginning, englishmen had three manners of speaking, southern, northern and midlands speech in the middle of the country, … nevertheless, through intermingling and mixing, first with danes and then with normans, amongst many the country language has arisen, and some use strange stammering, chattering, snarling, and grating gnashing. i/ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/ is a west germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval england and is now the global lingua franca. by the seventh century, the germanic language of the anglo-saxons became dominant in britain, replacing the languages of roman britain (43–409 ce): common brittonic, a celtic language, and latin, brought to britain by the roman occupation.. essay, comment, summary (scientific) review, (research) paper, letter, abstract, report, thesis, etc.

article: lists of english loanwords by country or language of origin.^ northern ireland statistics and research agency 2012, table ks207ni: main language.[73] in these countries, children of native speakers learn english from their parents, and local people who speak other languages or new immigrants learn english to communicate in their neighbourhoods and workplaces. and territories where english is the national language or the native language of the majority. the next most commonly mentioned foreign language, french (which is the most widely known foreign language in the uk and ireland), could be used in conversation by 12 percent of respondents. among varieties of english, it is especially american english that influences other languages. english is an official language of countries populated by few descendants of native speakers of english.[106] english is also widely used in media and literature, and the number of english language books published annually in india is the third largest in the world after the us and uk. writing also includes a system of punctuation that is similar to the system of punctuation marks used in most alphabetic languages around the world.[8] however, when combining native and non-native speakers it may, depending on the estimate used, be the most commonly spoken language in the world.. essay, comment, summary (scientific) review, (research) paper, letter, abstract, report, thesis, etc.
is essential to understand how linking words, as a part of speech, can be used to combine ideas in writing. it has also become by far the most important language of international communication when people who share no native language meet anywhere in the world. "language conflicts in the european union: on finding a politically acceptable and practicable solution for eu institutions that satisfies diverging interests". through grimm's law, the word for foot begins with /f/ in germanic languages, but its cognates in other indo-european languages begin with /p/. some shared features of germanic languages are the use of modal verbs, the division of verbs into strong and weak classes, and the sound changes affecting proto-indo-european consonants, known as grimm's and verner's laws.[217] some languages, such as chinese, write words borrowed from english mostly as calques, while others, such as japanese, readily take in english loanwords written in sound-indicating script. english is classified as an anglo-frisian language because frisian and english share other features, such as the palatalisation of consonants that were velar consonants in proto-germanic (see phonological history of old english § palatalization). english is thus not mutually intelligible with any continental germanic language, differing in vocabulary, syntax, and phonology, although some, such as dutch, do show strong affinities with english, especially with its earlier stages. is also fundamental to be aware of the sometimes subtle meaning of these "small" words within the english language. the vowel sounds of the english language, however, correspondences between spelling and pronunciation are more irregular. of the world where english is a majority native language.

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