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Essay emotions strengths weakness human personality

Psychoanalysis: Freud's Revolutionary Approach to Human

so, as comparative anthropologists have pointed out, when one looks across the astonishing variety of human societies, one repeatedly encounters common themes, dilemmas, and conflicts. studying social behavior in experiments and field studies, scientists have tested theories in evolutionary psychology about the conditions under which human beings cooperate, compete, and behave aggressively. as weak, furless bipeds, human beings’ strength lay in their minds. somatic feedback theorists differ from the cognitive and non-cognitive positions by claiming that the bodily responses are unique for each emotion and that it is in virtue of the unique patterns of somatic activity that the emotions are differentiated. "on the meanings of self-regulation: digital humanities in service of conceptual clarity". with the workings of the human mind, evolutionary psychology also explores the dynamics of the human group. should be directed only at persons and, by extension, other entities (one's self, human institutions) that can be held responsible for their actions. some examples of the problems that early hominids may have encountered, and the emotions that may have been selected in response to these problems, are listed in table 1. the prospects for an evolutionary psychology: human language and human reasoning. this description is sufficient to begin an analysis of the emotions, although it does leave out some aspects of the process such as the subjective awareness of the emotion and behavior that is often part of the emotion response (for example, fighting, running away, hugging another person). these and other conflicting features of the emotions make constructing a theory difficult and have led to the creation of a variety of different theories. roseman suggests a situation that would be likely to cause an evaluation of weakness rather than strength. if evolution shaped the human body, they say, it also shaped the human mind. skinner's science and human behavior provides a survey of nine categories of self-control methods. after all, evolutionary psychology doesn’t discount individual personality differences. evaluation of power is the individual's perception of his or her strength or weakness in a situation. thus, human beings became hardwired to stereotype people based on very small pieces of evidence, mainly their looks and a few readily apparent behaviors. 79–84); and robinson is skeptical that different emotions can be distinguished by any of the features of the bodily response, except perhaps the facial expression (2005, pp. that is, emotions are the products of societies and cultures, and are acquired or learned by individuals through experience. emotions, it is suggested, have been selected to deal with the types of problems indicated. in addition to the affect program emotions, he suggests some emotions are cognitively mediated and some are socially constructed.

Self Awareness

the first is based on the claim that emotions are the result of natural selection that occurred in early hominids. these different resources from averill's theory, the syndromes are used to classify emotions and demarcate them from each other. example, here are some strengths and weaknesses by personality type. when we try to eliminate it through de-layering, or more radically in experimental communities such as the kibbutz, the human instinct for status differentiation reasserts itself.' idea is that these emotions are basically the same as other traits that are studied and classified by evolutionary biology. the human subjects had to wait for an "exchange period" in which they could exchange their tokens for money, usually at the end of the experiment. nonetheless, the central claim made in these theories is that the social influence is so significant that emotions are best understood from this perspective. thus, in many cases emotions may be best understood as interactions between people, rather than simply as one individual's response to a particular stimulus (parkinson, 1996). for example, an individual's envy of someone who is successful (or his guilt over having cheated someone) are both emotions that have been prescribed by the individual's society so that the individual will take the appropriate attitude towards success and cheating. the important thing is to have the personality profile that meets the demands of the situation. it is also generally agreed that emotions have intentional content, which is to say that they are about something, often the stimulus itself. but even with these controls and safeguards, it is a sure thing that enormous costs are still being incurred through the exercise of human irrationality in these and other complex information-based environments. it forms a larger portion of the cortex in humans. self-control is the aspect of inhibitory control that involves control over one’s behavior and control over one’s emotions in the service of controlling one’s behavior. armon-jones goes further and says that the purpose of the emotions is to reinforce society's norms and values (1986b, see also 1985, 1986a). but eventually, thanks to natural selection, other “circuits” developed, specifically those that helped human beings survive and reproduce as clan-living hunter-foragers. and griffiths both believe that this system accounts for a significant number of the emotions that humans experience, but neither think that it describes all emotions. theories in the first group claim that the emotions were selected for in early hominids. central proposition of evolutionary psychology—that human beings retain the mentality of their stone age forebears—gathers its strength from six convergent sources of scientific research.. the resulting analyses show how similar ideas are interrelated: self-control, self-management, self-observation, learning, social behavior, and the personality constructs related to self-monitoring.. using a variety of methods, including electrical stimulation, brain surgery, imaging techniques that film the brain in action, scientists in this field try to understand which parts of the brain control emotions and how chemicals in the brain affect thoughts and sensations.

Personality & Emotional Development Essay - 1311 Words

in fact, darwin said, human beings shared a common heritage with all other species. further, the emotions that we have and how we express them reflect our social environment, but it also seems likely that emotions were shaped by natural selection over time.) to establish status in early human societies, people (especially males) frequently set up contests, such as games and battles, with clear winners and losers. the answer is that the desire to obtain status in organizational settings is human nature. at the same time, managers should watch out for herding, a normal human tendency to imitate what others—especially high-status individuals—are doing rather than making one’s own judgment.[21] the difference in research methodologies with humans - using tokens or conditioned reinforcers versus non-humans using sub-primary forces suggested procedural artifacts as a possible suspect. the world of hunter-gatherers was complex and constantly presented new predicaments for humans. given that individuals experience the emotions that they have terms for (and vice versa), the claim that follows from these findings is that people in different cultures have and experience different emotions. since all humans have emotions and most non-human animals display emotion-like responses, it is likely that emotions (or emotion-like behaviors) were present in a common ancestor. the judgment theorist martha nussbaum is dismissive of the bodily changes, whereas the cognitive appraisal theorists (that is, the psychologists) hold that the bodily response is a legitimate part of the process and has to be included in any complete description of the emotions. contrast to theories that claim that the emotions are the result of natural selection that occurred in early hominids, another position is that the selection occurred much earlier, and so the adaptations are shared by a wider collection of species today. and tooby, and others who have similar theories, stress that these emotions are responses that enhanced fitness when the selection occurred—whenever that was in the past. the trend when explaining emotions from a historical point of view is to focus on adaptations, an alternative is simply to identify the traits that are present in a certain range of species because of their shared ancestry. psychology’s findings about the human hardwiring for social relations have implications for managers in three areas: organizational design, hierarchy, and leadership. according to paul griffiths, some emotions should be identified and then classified in this way (1997, 2004). second main approach to explaining the emotions begins with the idea that emotions are social constructions. (as noted in section one, griffiths identifies this class of emotions, the affect programs, historically. to cosmides and tooby, the emotion of sexual jealousy, deals with these problems in the following ways:Physiological processes are prepared for such things as violence, sperm competition, and the withdrawal of investment; the goal of deterring, injuring, or murdering the rival emerges; the goal of punishing, deterring, or deserting the mate appears; the desire to make oneself more competitively attractive to alternative mates emerges; memory is activated to reanalyze the past; confident assessments of the past are transformed into doubts; the general estimate of the reliability and trustworthiness of the opposite sex  (or indeed everyone) may decline; associated shame programs may be triggered to search for situations in which the individual can publicly demonstrate acts of violence or punishment that work to counteract an (imagined or real) social perception of weakness; and so on (2000, p. comparing the mating, status-seeking, and social behaviors of monkeys, chimpanzees and other primates, scientists in this field have observed systematic patterns of behavior and analyzed where they reveal parallels in human behavior. they are not clones, but all of them share one special personality trait: a passion to lead. the first develops an explanation of the non-cognitive process, but claims that only some emotions are non-cognitive. Resume curriculum vitae for account manager

Self-control - Wikipedia

some of them are compatible, for instance, an evolutionary theory and a theory that describes the emotion process can easily complement each other; griffiths' theory of the affect program emotions demonstrates that these two perspectives can be employed in a single theory. allowing that emotions may also serve other purposes, some of the functions that they have are "the regulation of socially undesirable behavior and the promotion of attitudes which reflect and endorse the interrelated religious, political, moral, aesthetic and social practices of a society" (1986b, p. in one sense, emotions are sophisticated and subtle, the epitome of what make us human. finally, the third position suggests that emotions are historical, but does not rely on emotions being adaptations. a strength can be a weakness, and vice versa, a weakness can be a strength. some scientists, for instance, believe that evolutionary psychology overstates the biogenetic origin of cultural mores and norms and understates the capacity of learning and language to shape human nature. evolutionary psychologists assert there are three reasons that these changes have not stimulated further human evolution. the non-cognitive theorists deny that propositional attitudes and the conceptual knowledge that they require (for example, anger is the judgment that i have been wronged) are necessary for emotions. suggests that this method of classification will identify the emotions that are carried out by similar mechanisms in different species. this could imply a human's ability to exert more self-control as they mature and become aware of the consequences associated with impulsivity. article has outlined the basic approaches to explaining the emotions, it has reviewed a number of important theories, and it has discussed many of the features that emotions are believed to have. for example, sadness, one of griffiths' affect program emotions, occurs in all humans and in other related species. grief and a headhunter's rage: on the cultural forces of emotions. as robinson describes this part of her theory, "my suggestion is that there is a set of inbuilt affective appraisal mechanisms, which in more primitive species and in neonates are automatically attuned to particular stimuli, but which, as human beings learn and develop, can also take as input more complex stimuli, including complex 'judgments' or thoughts" (2004, p. appraisal determinants of emotions: constructing a more accurate and comprehensive theory. moreover, emotions appear to serve an important function, which has led many to think that the certain emotions have been selected to deal with particular problems and challenges that organisms regularly encounter. the next section will examine a theory that holds that all emotions are non-cognitive, a position that ekman and griffiths do not defend. such propensity to classify is human nature doesn’t make it right. like the primates that came before them, human beings were never loners. interpersonal factors are typically the main causes of emotion, and emotions lead people to engage in certain kinds of social encounter or withdraw from such interpersonal contact. in randolph nesse's words, "the emotions are specialized modes of operation shaped by natural selection to adjust the physiological, psychological, and behavioral parameters of the organism in ways that increase its capacity and tendency to respond adaptively to the threats and opportunities characteristic of specific kinds of situations" (1990, p. Resume description grocery clerk

Emotion, Theories of | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

are different theories of emotion to explain what emotions are and how they operate.[22] non-human subjects can and most likely would access their reinforcement immediately. in the stone age, this cautious approach to loss certainly increased human beings’ chances of staying alive—and thus reproducing. these norms and values influence what the appropriate objects of emotion are (that is, what events should make a person angry, happy, jealous, and so on), and they also influence how emotions should be expressed. in the case of the emotions, which he calls "basic adaptations needed by all organisms in the struggle for individual survival" (1980, p. the second approach describes the non-cognitive process in a very similar way, but defends the idea that all emotions are non-cognitive. our natural tendency to sympathize with the person across the table drives us to make excuses for their weaknesses or to read more substance into their work or personal experiences than truly exists. in particular, in both animals and humans, lower doses maximally improve performance in tests of working memory and response inhibition, whereas maximal suppression of overt behavior and facilitation of attentional processes occurs at higher doses.'s theory also accounts for more than just these eight emotions. in fact, it is fair to assume that human beings have stayed alive and increased their chances of reproducing because of such artful politicking. because of the family’s enduring prevalence, modern darwinian thinkers hypothesize that human survival was greatly aided by qualified monogamy—pair-bonding necessary for the prolonged care of the young. their findings about universal patterns suggest which impulses and reactions are hardwired into the human psyche. robert plutchik claims that there are eight basic emotions, each one is an adaptation, and all eight are found in all organisms (1980, 1984). although these emotions are still present in humans today, they may no longer be useful, and may even be counterproductive, as cosmides and tooby's description of the more violent aspects of sexual jealousy illustrates. rather than simply focusing on the functions of the emotions, this kind of analysis is more useful for psychology and neuropsychology because these sciences are interested in identifying the mechanisms that drive behavior (griffiths, 2004). first, different individuals will respond to the same event with different emotions, or the same individual may at different times respond differently to the same stimulus. and that mind, according to evolutionary psychologists, is hardwired in ways that govern most human behavior to this day. here, damasio's account differs from prinz's because damasio takes it that the emotion process does include cognitive evaluations, at least for most emotions. when this was done with the non-human subjects, in the form of pigeons, they responded much like humans in that males showed much less control than females. all is said and done, evolutionary psychology paints a rather illuminating picture of human thinking and feeling. the time period during which this selection is believed to have occurred is typically not specified with any precision, the general period begins after the human lineage diverged from that of the great apes, 5 to 8 million years ago, and continues through the appearance of homo sapiens, which was at least 150,000 years ago (wood & collard, 1999; wood, 1996). Resume for accounts payable position

How To Use Your Strengths To Overcome Your Weaknesses

sources for evidence on the neural mechanisms of self-control include fmri studies on human subject, neural recordings on animals, lesion studies on humans and animals, and clinical behavioral studies on humans with self-control disorders. much of that brain’s programming was already in place, an inheritance from prehuman ancestors. this is challenging, since emotions can be analyzed from many different perspectives. these examples pose problems for theories claiming that emotions are unconditioned responses to evolutionary specified stimulus events or are learned via generalization or association (2001, p. virtually everyone who defends this position acknowledges that emotions are to some degree, natural phenomena. for example, "threat displays in chimps look very different from anger in humans, but when their superficial appearance is analyzed to reveal the specific muscles whose movement produces the expression and the order in which those muscles move, it becomes clear that they are homologues of one another. several key hypotheses among evolutionary psychologists speak directly to executives, however, because they shed light on how human beings think and feel and how they relate to one another. thus, evolutionary psychologists argue that although the world has changed, human beings have not. and his proponents over the decades have used the theory of natural selection to explain how and why human beings share biological and physical traits, such as the opposable thumb and keen eyesight, with other species., the theory of inborn personality does not mean that all people with genes for dominance make good leaders. indeed, the family is the centerpiece of all human societies. other emotions, he says, are either combinations of two or three of these basic emotions, or one of these eight emotions experienced at a greater or a milder intensity. in this way, emotions differ from reflexes such as the startle response or the eye-blink response, which are direct responses to certain kinds of stimuli.. emotions and their expression are regulated by social norms, values, and expectations. according to plutchik, the emotions are similar to traits such as dna or lungs in air breathing animals—traits that are so important that they arose once and have been conserved ever since. ekman originally developed what is now the standard description of the non-cognitive process (1977), and more recently paul griffiths has incorporated ekman's account into his own theory of the emotions (1997). the thoughts and emotions that best served them were programmed into their psyches and continue to drive many aspects of human behavior today. they use the theory of natural selection to explain the workings of the human brain and the dynamics of the human group. idea of emotions as transitory social roles is distinct from the notion of a syndrome, but characterizes the same phenomena, in particular, the eliciting conditions and the responses for an emotion. the judgments related to emotions are, as solomon says, "self-involved and relatively intense evaluative judgments . because of the primacy of emotions, people hear bad news first and loudest. Resume for chemical engineer

Self-Awareness and Personal Development

Strengths and weaknesses (personality) - Wikipedia

evolutionary approach focuses on the historical setting in which emotions developed.: personalityphilosophy stubspsychology stubshidden categories: pages using isbn magic linksall stub articles. management books have been written extolling the virtues of confidence; they cleverly feed right into human nature. proponents of evolutionary psychology assert that, because of natural selection, human beings living and working in today’s modern civilization retain the hardwired mentality—that is, the needs, drives, and biases—of stone age hunter-gatherers. and certainly those human beings willing to do anything to save themselves would be those that lived to pass on the genes that encoded such determination. the judgments and objects that constitute our emotions are those which are especially important to us, meaningful to us, concerning matters in which we have invested our selves" (1993, p. for example, different emotions will occur depending on whether an individual evaluates being laid-off as consistent with her current goals or inconsistent with them. that reliance on instinct undoubtedly saved human lives, allowing those who possessed keen instincts to reproduce. this empirical research has made theorizing about the emotions an interesting challenge. has stated, "emotions have the hallmarks of adaptations: they are efficient, coordinated responses that help organisms to reproduce, to protect offspring, to maintain cooperative alliances, and to avoid physical threats" (keltner, haidt, & shiota, 2006, p. the second also claims that emotions are adaptations, but suggests that the selection occurred much earlier. advocates of the non-cognitive position stress that a theory of emotion should apply to infants and non-human animals, which presumably do not have the cognitive capabilities that are described in the judgment theories or the cognitive appraisal theories. today, although people still get bored and dejected, this emotion no longer exists because our emotions are, according to harré and finlay-jones, "defined against the background of a different moral order" (p. the emotions that appear in humans are more complex than what are found in lower species, "but the basic functional patterns remain invariant in all animals, up to and including humans" (1980, p.-control, an aspect of inhibitory control, is the ability to regulate one's emotions, thoughts, and behavior in the face of temptations and impulses. psychology offers a theory of how the human mind came to be constructed. in fact, because of the primacy of emotions, perhaps the most discouraging and potentially dangerous thing you can do is to tell someone he or she failed. but without such rules and procedures, human nature would most likely take its course. this classification creates a psychological category, which griffiths terms the affect program emotions: surprise, anger, fear, sadness, joy, and disgust. of course, one can make judgments that are not themselves emotions. and given our brain size, the biggest clan a human being can handle, according to dunbar’s research, has 150 members.

How Hardwired Is Human Behavior?

[57] self-control demands that an individual work to overcome thoughts, emotions, and automatic responses/impulses. this table lists the eight basic emotions in robert plutchik theory. roseman suggests that once the appraisals have been made, a response that has the following parts is set in motion: (1) "the thoughts, images, and subjective 'feeling' associated with each discrete emotion," (2) "the patterns of bodily response," (3) the "facial expressions, vocal signals, and postural cues that communicate to others which emotion one is feeling," (4) a "behavioral component [that] comprises actions, such as running or fighting, which are often associated with particular emotions," and (5) "goals to which particular emotions give rise, such as avoiding some situation (when frightened) or inflicting harm upon some person (when angered)" (1984, pp.'s model, which is described in table 3, has five appraisal components that can produce 14 discrete emotions. emotions also have a relatively brief duration—on the order of seconds or minutes—whereas moods last much longer. some possible examples of emotions that were selected for in early hominids. desire to obtain status in organizational settings is, simply put, part of human nature. and there are several cultures in which anger and sadness are not distinguished as separate, discrete emotions (orley, 1970 [quoted in russell, 1991]; davitz, 1969; m. emotions can be understood as either states or as processes. but evolutionary psychology asserts that there is a limit to how much the human mind can be remolded. this is the idea that emotions are separate from the rational or cognitive operations of the mind: cognitive operations are cold and logical, whereas emotions are hot, irrational, and largely uncontrollable responses to certain events. the possibility that there is an as-if loop in the brain allows the somatic feedback theorists to explain how individuals who cannot receive the typical feedback from the body can still have feelings (or in prinz's language, emotions), for instance, those individuals who have suffered spinal cord injuries. we may wish human beings were more rational, but our brains, created for a different time and place, get in the way. according to his theory, human beings were not “placed” fully formed onto the earth. order to make sense of a complicated universe, human beings developed prodigious capabilities for sorting and classifying information. (such competitions were not introduced by human beings; indeed, they were dramas commonly played out by primates. and since the interest in rumors is ingrained into human nature, it makes little sense to try to eliminate such interest by increasing the flood of official communications. nevertheless, although answering this question is important for a complete understanding of the emotions, it does not greatly affect the theories mentioned here, which are largely based on what occurs in the early part of the emotion process. but below is a summary of some points that evolutionary psychologists would make to managers tr ying to understand human behavior. explanation allows robinson to maintain the idea that emotions are non-cognitive while acknowledging that humans can have emotions in response to complex events. and are modern-day executives managing against the grain of human nature?

Psychoanalysis: Freud's Revolutionary Approach to Human

Multiple Intelligences and Learning Styles

unnatural emotions: everyday sentiments on a micronesian atoll & their challenge to western theory. understanding evolutionary psychology is useful to managers because it provides a new and provocative way to think about human nature; it also offers a framework for understanding why people tend to act as they do in organizational settings. a convergence of research and discoveries in genetics, neuropsychology, and paleobiology, among other sciences, evolutionary psychology holds that although human beings today inhabit a thoroughly modern world of space exploration and virtual realities, they do so with the ingrained mentality of stone age hunter-gatherers. for example, it is easier for humans to acquire a fear of snakes than a fear flowers (griffiths, 1997, pp. the term "emotion" is just a particular way of describing these behaviors in humans. human beings who survived the harsh elements of the stone age undoubtedly tried to avoid loss. human beings, or at least those who survived, became adept at building peaceful social alliances and carrying out negotiations with win-win outcomes. in griffiths' theory, the other emotions belong to different categories—the higher-cognitive emotions and the socially constructed emotions—and in some cases a single vernacular term, for example, anger, will have instances that belong to different categories. on the left are the behaviors that, according to plutchik, are the result of natural selection, and on the right are the emotions associated with these behaviors. so for human beings, no less than for any other animal, emotions are the first screen to all information received. individuals in a society develop their emotions based on what they are exposed to and experience, either directly or indirectly (1986, 1995). typically, the goal is to explain why emotions are present in humans today by referring to natural selection that occurred some time in the past.. emotions typically occur in social settings and during interpersonal transactions—many, if not most, emotions are caused by other people and social relationships.. based on their analysis of fossils and ancient human remains, paleontologists believe they have discovered evidence of how human beings lived and how their characteristics adapted to the environment they inhabited. the passions: emotions and the meaning of life (2nd ed. social theories explain emotions as the products of cultures and societies. and finally, if you are born with personality traits that don’t immediately lend themselves to leadership—shyness is a good example, as is high sensitivity to stress—that doesn’t mean you can’t be a leader. first, as far back as 50,000 years ago, humans had become so scattered across the planet that beneficial new genetic mental mutations could not possibly spread. section will discuss some of the motivations for adopting this approach to explaining the emotions.^ peter urs bender's guide to strengths and weaknesses of personality types. they have identified, for instance, several genes thought to control human dispositions, including aspects of temperament and cognitive skills.

Self Awareness

or they experienced a direct threat to their lives from a predator, a natural disaster, or another human being. to prosper in the clan, human beings had to become expert at making judicious alliances. one way to distinguish the judgments that are emotions from those that are not is to suggest (like nussbaum) that the judgment must be based on a certain set of beliefs., this has not prevented the development of theories that explain emotions as adaptations. advantage that prinz's theory has over james' is that it incorporates a plausible account of the intentionality of emotions into a somatic feedback theory. put another way, evolutionary psychology, in identifying the aspects of human behavior that are inborn and universal, can explain some familiar patterns. the concept of coevolution is critical to this method of analysis—the idea that cultures and social institutions are adaptations that make compromises between environmental conditions, such as food supply and population density, and the enduring characteristics of human psychology. these transitory social roles and syndromes are generated by social norms and expectations, and so, by these means, social norms and expectations govern an individual's emotions. businesspeople are often trained to dispense with emotions in favor of rational analysis and urged to make choices using logical devices such as decision trees and spreadsheets. in another sense, however, human emotions seem to be very similar to (if not the same as) the responses that other animals display. evolutionary theories attempt to provide an historical analysis of the emotions, usually with a special interest in explaining why humans today have the emotions that they do. ekman appears to have been aware of the modular nature of this system when he wrote, "the difficulty experienced when trying to interfere with the operation of the affect programme, the speed of its operation, its capability to initiate responses that are hard to halt voluntarily, is what is meant by out-of-control quality to the subjective experiences of some emotions" (1977, p. but evolutionary psychology suggests that emotions can never fully be suppressed. the legacy of this dynamic is that human beings put confidence before realism and work hard to shield themselves from any evidence that would undermine their mind games. identify our programming for social living, scientists in the field of evolutionary psychology have looked for common features across human societies, past and present, and extrapolated from them what must be biogenetic. personality is inborn is not news to any parent with more than one child. perhaps that it makes sense sometimes to challenge human nature and ask questions such as, am i being overly optimistic? thus, because empathy and mind reading abet the survival skill of gossip, they too became hardwired into the human brain. there is much less agreement, however, about most of these other features that the emotions may (or may not) have. griffiths also suggests that there is a separate affect program for each of several emotions: surprise, fear, anger, disgust, sadness, and joy (1997, p. in particular, they shed light on our basic programming for sexual politics and cooperative behavior and analyzed where they reveal parallels in human behavior.


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