Essay services

GET AN ESSAY OR ANY OTHER HOMEWORK WRITING HELP FOR A FAIR PRICE! CHECK IT HERE!


ORDER NOW

List of approved essay services



Diarrhoea in calves research paper

  • Research paper: Treatment of Calf Diarrhea: Oral Fluid Therapy

    calves that were neither dehydrated nor assumed to be acidemic received an oral rehydration solution (ors) as sole therapy. of 1 liter of whole blood was additionally performed in two three-day old calves of treatment group ii because of distinct hypogammaglobulinemia as defined by parish et al. we concluded that this circumstance had only minor influence on therapeutic success since body masses were not significantly different between successfully treated calves, on the one hand, and overdosed or underdosed calves, on the other hand. under the situation of a hospital the calves are exposed to many additional stressors such as transport, change of environment and personnel as well as changes in feeding system and type of milk. however, 24 of these overdosed calves had already positive base excess values on admission. especially a wide variation of recommendations with dosages ranging from 75 to 500 mmol of sodium bicarbonate or its equivalents have been recommended for calves standing insecurely which may be explained by the fact that these protocols are based on practical experiences or on retrospective studies [12-14]. outcome of the treatment protocol indicates that the dosages of sodium bicarbonate required for correction of metabolic acidosis in diarrheic calves are in many cases higher than those of previously published guidelines or protocols [12-14]. by contrast, 24 hours after the initiation of therapy, a metabolic alkalosis was present in 55 calves (base excess levels above +5 mmol/l). they reported good results and no major adverse reactions in 12 calves receiving an 8. positive values indicate calves that are theoretically overdosed, whereas negative values indicate calves that were theoretically underdosed (calculated with formula 3). scholarewaschuk jb, naylor jm, zello ga: anion gap correlates with serum d- and dl-lactate concentration in diarrheic neonatal calves. naylor [33] has shown that diarrheic calves during their first week of life are less acidemic than older calves with similar clinical signs. this finding can be explained by still elevated d-lactate concentrations in some calves of treatment group iii, which are closely correlated to disturbances of the palpebral reflex [7, 8, 17]. figure 5 shows the decision tree in the recommended version which should substantially facilitate the treatment of diarrheic calves in bovine practice. figure 6 shows the theoretical outcome of a suggested protocol which used posture/ability to stand, age and the estimated body weight of calves as decision criteria for the determination of bicarbonate requirements [12]. jd is the second author and significantly contributed to the research and writing of this paper.
  • Resume for people with lots of experience
  • Rn resume functional resume objective
  • Special security officer resume
  • Sports day in college essay
  • Thesis on affirmative acction

Thesis on corporate governance and firm performance

Research paper and news articles on BVD topics from all over the

the 121 calves were assigned to one of five treatment groups based on the provided infusion volumes and amounts of sodium bicarbonate as defined by the decision tree:Group i: oral rehydration (n = 20). probably, metabolic acidosis was easier to correct (or overcorrect) in younger calves, since a significant correlation has been reported between d-lactate concentrations and the factor used in formula 3 [25]. little preventative care goes a long way in keeping beef calves healthy and thriving. paper is published in the october 2015 issue of the canadian veterinary journal, the peer-reviewed journal of the canadian veterinary medical association. nevertheless, patients that suffered from diarrhea within their first week of life had significantly higher base excess values and significantly lower d-lactate concentrations than older calves [17]. in all 29 calves with this clinical sign, the outcome of therapy of metabolic acidosis depended strictly on the degree of loss of the palpebral reflex (table 9). calves with enophthalmos always received a constant drip infusion consisting of 5 liters of isotonic saline spiked with 250 ml of an 8. the exclusion criteria for calves were need for surgical intervention (n = 2), marked hypernatremia (> 170 mmol/l, n = 4), failure to receive the entire determined infusion volume (n = 3), and force-feeding prior to admission in one calf with anorexia since birth. neill, united states department of agriculture – agricultural research service, usa. calves that were neither dehydrated nor assumed to be acidemic received an oral electrolyte solution. clinical status of 116 calves that were treated with the aid of the decision tree improved significantly during the study period of 24 hours. five calves with expected treatment failure were treated differently from the assessed protocol since a previous study [25] has shown that not only prior to initial treatment, but also later in the course of therapy, the clinical signs are correlated to a still existing/reoccurring acidosis. after 24 hours, calves of treatment group iii had significantly higher scores corresponding to the degree of loss of the palpebral reflex than calves of treatment group ii. in the remaining 18 cases, 12 calves received a dextrose solution for reasons of hypothermia (≤ 37°c), 3 for reasons of a history of prolonged malnutrition, and 3 for reasons of suspected septicemia. figure 4b shows the result of this theoretical analysis (with positive values indicating calves that would have been overdosed and negative values indicating calves that would have been underdosed). the management of all calves within the study was within standard protocols of the clinic for the treatment of calves with neonatal diarrhea. Trail of tears thesis,

The Control of Experimental Escherichia coli Diarrhoea in Calves by

despite a good correlation between d-lactate and base excess values, levels of d-lactate can vary widely, especially in calves with moderate to severe acidosis [6]. all incoming animals, including purchased calves, replacement heifers, cows, and bulls, should be tested using one of the methods described above. in the light of the finding that moderate alkalosis does not seem to have any detrimental effect it can be speculated that less accurate clinical examinations, without lifting of the calf when it was unable or unwilling to stand up, might have resulted in a smaller number of underdosed calves. the intended amounts of sodium bicarbonate are based on posture/ability to stand, age and body mass of calves. all these calves were able to stand (albeit insecurely) in spite of a marked d-lactic acidosis with base excess values ranging from −24. however, a recent review paper discussed the risks of the direct use of 8. a total of 15 calves admitted with diarrhea were euthanized on arrival (n = 8) or throughout the study (n = 7) on grounds of severe concurrent disease (e. der meer says the third-year research project is an important part of the curriculum, giving students the opportunity to learn first-hand about designing and conducting a research project.*including calves that were not treated with the decision tree for reasons of expected treatment failure are indicated by brackets. the investigation period, a metabolic alkalosis (base excess levels > +5 mmol/l) was present in 55 calves. being lifted, many calves were able to stand despite base excess levels below −20 mmol/l. pi calves often die prematurely with respiratory or enteric disease but may also live a relatively normal life for several years; all the time, shedding large amounts of virus and acting as a reservoir of infection for in-contact cattle. no significant difference in base excess values on admission could be detected between calves of groups iii and iv on the one hand and calves of group v on the other hand. to our email alert or feeds for the latest journal papers. calves presented in sternal or lateral recumbency would have received infusions with dosages of sodium bicarbonate ranging from 150 to 600 mmol depending on body weight and age of the calf. signs of 116 calves that were treated with the help of the decision tree improved significantly during the investigation period (table 1). Windows 7 on resume password protect

Frontiers | Persistent Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection in

our investigation, many calves were able to stand despite base excess levels below −20 mmol/l. 14 calves would still have been underdosed by small amounts of sodium bicarbonate (range: 0. this finding was included in several protocols for determining bicarbonate requirements for diarrheic calves under field conditions [11–13]. in order to prevent any deterioration of the general condition in such calves, the intake of ors was tested immediately after the initial examination. calves that were still able to stand would have received an oral rehydration solution as sole therapy. scholaromole oo, nappert g, naylor jm, zello ga: both l- and d-lactate contribute to metabolic acidosis in diarrheic calves. scholarnakagawa m, suzuki k, taguchi k: relationship between depression score and acid–base status in japanese black calves with diarrhea. in two other calves, development of ruminal acidosis due to ruminal drinking was recognized during the study period. anion gap (ag) was calculated using the following formula:The amount of sodium bicarbonate administered to the calves was determined with the aid of the decision tree (figure 1) without regarding individual body weight.“the research is very relevant because it gives you another piece of the puzzle,” he says. even though the oral route for further fluid therapy would be preferable, this may not always be possible, especially in weak calves with a low milk intake and high intestinal losses of fluids and buffer substances. je is the final author and mentored and editing this paper with some primary writing contribution. values of five calves that had to be treated alternatively for reasons of expected treatment failure are indicated by ◊. part of their third-year curriculum, all students in the class of 2014 at the faculty of veterinary medicine worked together on a research project on bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv). articlepubmedgoogle scholarbellino c, arnaudo f, biolatti c, borelli a, gianella p, maurella c, zabaldano g, cagnasso a, d'angelo a: development of a diagnostic diagram for rapid field assessment of acidosis severity in diarrheic calves. aim of the present study was to investigate whether a decision tree developed on the basis of a retrospective analysis of data [9] can be used successfully to treat metabolic acidosis in diarrheic calves without expensive laboratory equipments.

BVD - Safe and Sustainable Food - Livestock Production and Health

This paper reviews the various aspects of BVDV transmission, disease syndromes, diagnosis, control, and prevention, as well as examines BVDV infection in domestic and wild small ruminants and camelids including mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus). for calves that would have received an oral rehydration solution, the buffer content of the recorded intake of ors was used to calculate the theoretical success of therapy (an equivalent of 183 mmol of sodium bicarbonate was used for calves with expected treatment failure). body masses of calves were not significantly different between successfully treated calves and all calves that were underdosed with the provided amounts of sodium bicarbonate (p = 0. articlepubmedgoogle scholarlorenz i, lorch a: clinical signs and degree of acidosis in diarrhoeic calves – revisited. attempts to lift the calves to their feet were carried out by two persons. laboratory and clinical findings in calves with undercorrection of metabolic acidosis on admission. a: blood base excess and d-lactate concentrations in 121 calves with neonatal diarrhea on admission. authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. all these nine calves suffered from marked d-lactic acidosis with base excess values ranging from −18. due to severe ruminal acidosis milk and ors were withheld in two of these calves. since bavaria is a selenium-deficient area, all calves received a preparation with vitamin e and selenium (0. in particular, normal hydration was not completely restored in 50% of calves with an enophthalmos of ≥ 7 mm on admission. assessment and categorization of clinical parameters, especially attempts to lift the calves to their feet, may have contributed to the latter point.*values for calves with expected treatment failure were calculated using formula 3 and 4. articlepubmedgoogle scholarfecteau g, paré j, van metre dc, smith bp, holmberg ca, guterbock w, jang s: use of a clinical sepsis score for predicting bacteremia in neonatal dairy calves on a calf rearing farm. therefore, some calves may have received higher amounts of sodium bicarbonate than necessary.

Studies on calf diarrhoea in Mozambique: prevalence of bacterial

Vet Med students publish study on diarrhea virus in calves | Faculty

scholarnaylor jm: a retrospective study of the relationship between clinical signs and severity of acidosis in diarrheic calves. outcome of therapy of metabolic acidosis in 121 diarrheic calves using a computer-assisted analysis. a total of 14 calves would still have been underdosed with small amounts of sodium bicarbonate (< 250 mmol). calves of treatment group iv had to be treated alternatively for reasons of expected treatment failure. statistically significant differences were found for posture between treatment groups i and iv, which can be explained by the fact that metabolic acidosis was not completely corrected in 5 calves of treatment group iv. since no low values for d-lactate could be determined in any of the calves of group iii on admission, these patients represent the so called “acidosis without dehydration syndrome”. considering that there is a well proven relationship between d-lactate concentrations and clinical signs in diarrheic calves [7, 8] it can therefore be expected that the current study will provide results that are valuable not only in clinical settings but also in field practice. the serum total protein concentrations of calves 24 h after the initiation of therapy may imply that hypogammaglobulinemia was a problem in the majority of the calves included in the study. you will find downloadable powerpoint presentations, podcasts, videos and papers all here. and this, in turn, increases the risk of diseases spreading between calves housed together. b: outcome of therapy regarding blood base excess and d-lactate concentrations in 116 diarrheic calves that were treated according to the developed decision tree. the surveyed literature, maximum dosages of 500 to 620 mmol of sodium bicarbonate were generally regarded to be sufficient for intravenous correction of metabolic acidosis in calves with severe depression and sternal or lateral recumbency. is the first author and had the greatest contribution to the research, editing, and writing of this paper. as a result changes in feed intake are most likely not comparable to calves that were treated under farm conditions. in all calves exhibiting a prompt palpebral reflex, base excess values were positive, whereas in calves with a delayed or absent palpebral reflex, base excess values were still predominantly negative after 24 hours of therapy. we cannot rule out that those calves would have recovered in spite of underdosing of bicarbonate, but in the light of this study [25] and daily routine at our clinic it was deemed very unlikely. 1st year teaching resume

Construction and validation of a decision tree for treating metabolic

metabolic acidosis was theoretically undercorrected by considerable amounts of sodium bicarbonate (> 250 mmol) in five calves. at least half of the offered milk volume was consumed by 22 calves (19%), while in the remaining 16 calves (14%) the milk intake was less satisfying (less than 50% of the offered milk volume). more importantly, recent research has demonstrated that most clinical signs of metabolic acidosis are attributable to an increase in blood levels of d-lactate [7, 8].% solution of sodium bicarbonate over a period of 10 to 15 minutes) were carried out in calves showing signs of moderate to severe metabolic acidosis (standing insecurely or unable to stand) but no enophthalmos. paper offers insight to costly cattle health puzzleConstruction and validation of a decision tree for treating metabolic acidosis in calves with neonatal diarrheaflorian m trefz1email author, annette lorch1, melanie feist1, carola sauter-louis1 and ingrid lorenz2bmc veterinary research20128:238doi: 10. nine of these calves showed the same clinical picture on initial examination. especially in those calves, metabolic acidosis was undercorrected with the provided amount of 500 mmol sodium bicarbonate, which was intended for calves standing insecurely. calves that did not drink one liter of ors completely, received a constant drip infusion with 250 mmol sodium bicarbonate. acidosis is a frequently observed complication of neonatal diarrhea in calves. tr, naylor jm: further studies on the clinical features and clinicopathological findings of a syndrome of metabolic acidosis with minimal dehydration in neonatal calves. five out of 34 calves of treatment group iv had to be treated alternatively for reasons of expected treatment failure. table 5 shows the proportion of still dehydrated calves at the end of the study period depending on the severity of enophthalmos (mm) on admission. study evaluated the success and feasibility of a protocol for the treatment of diarrheic calves with emphasis on the required minimal amounts of sodium bicarbonate for sufficient correction of metabolic acidosis. these ti animals are responsible for up to 93% of all in utero infections that result in the birth of pi calves (wittum et al. even though an attempt to lift the calf to its feet may not always be feasible in ambulatory practice, it allows the veterinarian to perform a more detailed clinical examination and consequently more accurate estimation of the degree of acidosis, especially in calves where an inability to stand is expected. since grouping of calves was based on clinical findings and most of the given parameters are closely correlated with each other the initial values were not compared (indicated by nc).

Research paper: Treatment of Calf Diarrhea: Oral Fluid Therapy,

Clinical picture of active bovine viral diarrhoea infection in

of ors was tested in calves that were intended for oral rehydration as sole therapy. though patients with incurable diseases were disregarded, calves with further health problems were not explicitly excluded in our study. indicated by the presence of persistent enophthalmos (visible gap between the eyeball and caruncula lacrimalis) dehydration was not corrected in 17 calves.% sodium bicarbonate solution has been described in only two studies so far in calves with naturally acquired diarrhea. eight calves still showed base excess levels below −5 mmol/l. however, at the last milk feeding before the end of the study period, the offered milk volume was suckled entirely in 78 calves (67%). an example for the influence of hospital related management factors on clinical signs is the lack or weakness of the suckling reflex in many calves after 24 hours even though many clinical examinations were performed shortly after the feeding of calves and most calves drank all or parts of the offered milk ration. due to geographical reasons most (92%) of the calves belonged to the simmental breed. this may be due to the fact that both d- and l-lactate contribute to elevation of the anion gap in diarrheic calves [4]. aim of the present prospective study was to investigate whether a decision tree based on basic clinical signs could be used to determine the treatment of metabolic acidosis in calves successfully without expensive laboratory equipment. comparisons between times of examination were performed for the remaining 29 calves of this group. that — simply stated — is a key finding of research on bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) conducted by the class of 2014 at the faculty of veterinary medicine (ucvm). scholarkoch a, kaske m: clinical efficacy of intravenous hypertonic saline solution or hypertonic bicarbonate solution in the treatment of inappetent calves with neonatal diarrhea. pw is the third author and significantly contributed to the research and writing of this paper. at least one of these criteria was met, calves received a preparation of amoxicillin at a dose of 10 mg/kg intravenously (amoxisel®, selectavet, germany). in 13 calves metabolic acidosis was not treated successfully as defined by an expected treatment failure or a measured base excess value below −5 mmol/l.

Rotavirus infection in calves in Bangladesh | SpringerLink

of calves in the five defined treatment groups that received dextrose and/or antibiotics. recommendations for the use of antimicrobials [21, 22] as well as potentially useful clinical predictors of septicemia in diarrheic calves [23, 24], the following criteria were defined for initiation of antimicrobial therapy:Presence of a local infection (e. a total of 121 calves with a diagnosis of neonatal diarrhea admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital were included in the study. five out of 34 calves of treatment group iv had to be treated alternatively for reasons of expected treatment failure..view articlepubmedgoogle scholarkasari tr, naylor jm: metabolic acidosis without clinical signs of dehydration in young calves. after a median duration of 9 days of hospitalization 95% of the 121 calves (n = 115, including the five defined treatment failures) were discharged in a healthy state as defined by a normal consistency of the feces for at least two days. this computational analysis revealed that five calves were underdosed with quantities of more than 250 mmol sodium bicarbonate. thus metabolic acidosis would have been undercorrected with the provided amounts of 500 mmol sodium bicarbonate, which was intended for calves that stood insecurely.% of the calves after treatment:Patients that are admitted to a university teaching hospital are usually preselected. most of these calves stood insecurely and were thereby underdosed with the provided amounts of 500 mmol sodium bicarbonate, which has a buffer capacity of approximately 15–20 mmol/l in calves of that size. positive values indicate calves that were theoretically overdosed, whereas negative values indicate calves that were theoretically underdosed (calculated with formula 3a). this work shows the clinical relevance of the discovery that d-lactate is responsible for most of the clinical signs exhibited by neonatal diarrheic calves suffering from metabolic acidosis. but this effect should be negligible in view of the large number of calves in this group. comparisons between times of examination were performed for the remaining 29 calves of this group. all clinical and laboratory parameters investigated were compared between successfully treated calves (be values ranging from −5 to +5 mmol/l) and calves that were overdosed with the provided amounts of sodium bicarbonate. a subset of 14 out of 28 calves with a measured enophthalmos ≥ 7 mm was not rehydrated successfully in the first 24 hours.

“and i would hope that a larger audience for the paper translates to a larger impact. csl substantially contributed to statistical analysis of the data and editing of the paper. if impairment of ability to stand was evident in such calves, part of the total amount of sodium bicarbonate was rapidly infused beforehand in 1 liter of a 2. number of calves of each performed treatment procedure are given in figure 1. all calves had to be helped to rise and were not able to correct position if pushed..view articlepubmedgoogle scholarcoskun a, sen i, guzelbektes h, ok m, turgut k, canikli s: comparison of the effects of intravenous administration of isotonic and hypertonic sodium bicarbonate solutions on venous acid–base status in dehydrated calves with strong ion acidosis.% sodium bicarbonate solution and cautioned against it in severely dehydrated calves that are unable to suckle as well as in cases of diarrheic patients with concurrent respiratory disease and/or hypernatremia [13]. this paper reviews the various aspects of bvdv transmission, disease syndromes, diagnosis, control, and prevention, as well as examines bvdv infection in domestic and wild small ruminants and camelids including mountain goats (oreamnos americanus). the amount of sodium bicarbonate (nahco3) needed theoretically to correct acidosis was calculated for each calf after rearranging formula 3 as follows:Negative values in calves with alkalosis (due to a negative base deficit) were allowed. of still dehydrated calves at the end of the study period depending on the severity of enophthalmos (mm) on admission. these calves were identified as the five expected treatment failures mentioned above. despite this fact, after 24 hours of therapy 52 calves (45%) had only a weak suckling reflex, whereas 19 calves had none. all these calves showed the same clinical picture on admission examination (figure 2). this paper aims to review reports of non-bovine persistently infected (pi) animals, including the mountain goat (oreamnos americanus), and evaluate the implications of wildlife reservoirs of bvdv infection and its impact on the cattle industry. this may also be true of the other species discussed in this paper. however, the fact that both, the retrospective and the present study were conducted on calves in a hospital setting created some problems for the study design, as well as the transferability of the results into a field practice situation.

Research paper and news articles on BVD topics from all over the for the same reason transfusion of 1 liter of whole blood was also deemed necessary in two three-days old calves of group ii because of suspected failure of passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins. the purpose of this prospective study, 150 calves with a diagnosis of neonatal diarrhea admitted for treatment to the clinic for ruminants, lmu munich, between september, 2009, and april, 2010, were examined. editor and reviewers' affiliations are the latest provided on their loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at time of review. centralpubmedgoogle scholarschelcher f, marcillaud s, braun jp, contrepois m, valarcher jf, navetat h: metabolic acidosis without dehydration and no or minimal diarrhoea in suckler calves is caused by hyper-d-lactatemia. calves received meloxicam (metacam®, boehringer ingelheim vetmedica gmbh, germany) at a dose of 0. thus it cannot be completely ruled out that clinical signs in some calves were more pronounced due to concurrent problems (e. the distribution of calves treated with dextrose and antibiotics among the five groups is given in table 2. thus metabolic acidosis could not be treated adequately in 13 calves (10. mmol/l) varied between 3 and 79 mmol in 13 of these 14 calves and appear to be negligible for the treatment of acidosis under field conditions. d-lactate concentrations were most massively increased in calves of group iii (impairment of ability to stand, no enophthalmos). it’s not only doing the research, it’s also getting it out there and make sure that everybody in the world can read it and learn from it. this work demonstrates the clinical relevance of the discovery that d-lactate is responsible for most of the clinical signs expressed in neonatal diarrheic calves suffering from metabolic acidosis. medians and 25-/75-quartiles for age (days) and body mass (kg) of the calves were 9. centralpubmedgoogle scholarlofstedt j, dohoo ir, duizer g: model to predict septicemia in diarrheic calves..view articlepubmedgoogle scholargentile a, lorenz i, sconza s, klee w: experimentally induced systemic hyperchloremic acidosis in calves. of therapy (correction of acidosis) in 121 diarrheic calves depending on alterations in posture/ability to stand on admission.

parameters depending on alterations of the palpebral reflex in 29 calves that stood insecurely and were not able to correct position if pushed. scholargarcia jp: a practitioner’s views on fluid therapy in calves..view articlepubmedgoogle scholarlorenz i: influence of d-lactate on metabolic acidosis and on prognosis in neonatal calves with diarrhoea. values of calves in which metabolic acidosis was not corrected successfully are indicated by □.“with every research project, you never know if a journal will want to publish it,” he says. scholarkasari tr, naylor jm: clinical evaluation of sodium bicarbonate, sodium l-lactate and sodium acetate for the treatment of acidosis in diarrheic calves. calves with expected base excess values below −10 mmol/l were defined as treatment failures and were treated alternatively with the required amounts of sodium bicarbonate as determined above and infusion volumes estimated on the basis of clinical dehydration.% solution was given in dehydrated calves prior to the 5 liters of isotonic saline spiked with 250 ml of 8. simple guidelines for the dosage of sodium bicarbonate relying on posture/ability to stand and degree of dehydration as sole criteria were described in a retrospective analysis of the records of 188 calves with neonatal diarrhea by lorenz and lorch [9]. articlepubmedgoogle scholarlorenz i, gentile a, klee w: investigations of d-lactate metabolism and the clinical signs of d-lactataemia in calves. excess values and d-lactate concentrations of calves at times of examination. most calves were still diarrheic at the end of the study period and acidosis and/or dehydration was not corrected in some of the patients, further treatment based on the actual acid–base status, clinical dehydration and the assumed on-going losses of fluids and buffer substances was required. calves of the same age, but the one on the left is a pi. scholargrove-white dh, white dg: diagnosis and treatment of metabolic acidosis in calves: a field study. in some cases, calves had been pre-treated with large amounts of sodium bicarbonate but not enough volume of infusion before referral. however, since a clinical impact of higher degrees of alkalosis cannot be excluded on the basis of this study, and higher amounts of bicarbonate provided will also increase the costs of treatment it is still reasonable to avoid severe overdosing, as it would have occurred without the attempt to lift the calves e.

especially in severely sick diarrheic calves which are in need of a constant drip infusion we recommend a re-evaluation of the calf after 24 hours in order to decide on the proper follow-up treatment by using the decision tree. though the preponderance of bvdv research has been focused on the primary host, domestic cattle (bos taurus), there is increasing evidence that the virus infects and causes persistent infection in a wider range of species, including mountain goats (nelson et al. outcome of therapy of metabolic acidosis in 121 diarrheic calves based on previously published recommendations for the dosage of sodium bicarbonate [12]. amount of sodium bicarbonate administered to the calves was determined with the aid of the decision tree without regarding individual body mass. data sets of three additional calves that were euthanized at a later point in time were excluded retrospectively because of serious findings at necropsy including peritonitis, bvdv infection and cecocolic intussusception. however, calves that stand insecurely and are not able to correct their position if pushed require higher doses of sodium bicarbonate than previously suggested, if there is clinical evidence of a marked d-lactic acidosis..view articlepubmedgoogle scholarlorenz i: investigations on the influence of serum d-lactate levels on clinical signs in calves with metabolic acidosis. as mentioned above, five calves had to be treated alternatively for reasons of expected treatment failure. part of their third-year curriculum, all students in the class worked together on an original, publishable research project. therefore it was analyzed whether calves that were barely able to stand (unable to correct position if pushed) require higher doses of sodium bicarbonate in general, or whether these buffer requirements depend on the quality of the palpebral reflex..view articlepubmedgoogle scholarparish sm, tyler jw, besser te, gay cc, krytenberg d: prediction of serum igg1 concentration in holstein calves using serum gamma glutamyltransferase activity. this was especially true for most calves with expected treatment failure. liters in total were too low for severely dehydrated calves. calves with metabolic alkalosis were younger and exhibited significantly higher base excess values, higher l-lactate and lower d-lactate concentrations before treatment. scholargentile a, sconza s, lorenz i, otranto g, rademacher g, famigli-bergamini p, klee w: d-lactic acidosis in calves as a consequence of experimentally induced ruminal acidosis..view articlepubmedgoogle scholarlorenz i, vogt s: investigations on the association of d-lactate blood concentrations with the outcome of therapy of acidosis, and with posture and demeanour in young calves with diarrhoea.

median base excess values in different treatment groups at the end of the investigation period and the similar clinical picture of most of the few calves that were not successfully treated confirm the success of our blinded study. determining the degree of loss of the palpebral reflex, which had been reported to be a reliable clinical tool for diagnosing elevations of d-lactate concentrations [7, 8], was identified as a useful decision criterion to provide an additional amount of sodium bicarbonate in those calves. in those calves, determining the degree of loss of the palpebral reflex was identified as a useful decision criterion to provide an additional amount of 250 mmol sodium bicarbonate. the severity of enophthalmos was additionally quantified by measuring the distance (in mm) between the medial canthus and the eyeball since the degree of dehydration can be easily derived by using the following formula [18]:Improvement of clinical signs during the study period as indicated by the number of calves in the clinical categories on admission (n = 121) and 24 hours after the initiation of therapy (n = 116). previous studies have shown, that this value roughly correlates to the point where calves still show an impairment of ability to stand [25, 27], and where d-lactate concentrations of calves are most likely still above 6 mmol/l [27], which in itself has been described as a threshold for clinical signs in an experimental study [28]. of therapy confirms the results of previous analysis [9, 17], which demonstrated that the provided dosages of sodium bicarbonate are more likely to overdose than to underdose calves with diarrhea and metabolic acidosis. table 4 shows changes of selected laboratory variables in different treatment groups of 116 calves that were treated using the decision tree. body masses of calves did not differ significantly between groups. nine of the 13 underdosed calves fell into that category on admission (including the five calves with expected treatment failure). calves were significantly younger and had significantly lower d-lactate concentrations than successfully treated patients. for this analysis, it was assumed that calves with expected treatment failure had additionally received 3 liters of ors.. kyle mizen was part of the class of 2014 and says he’s delighted their research produced publishable results and in the canadian veterinary journal in particular. used a computer-assisted analysis to test the theoretical outcome of the treatment regime, if calves showing distinct impairment of ability to stand (not able to correct position if forced) and a delay or absence of the palpebral reflex would have received an additional 250 mmol of sodium bicarbonate. 13 calves of the present study, metabolic acidosis was not corrected in a satisfactory manner. after 24 hours eight calves still showed base excess values below −5 mmol/l, whereas a metabolic alkalosis (base excess above +5 mmol/l) was present in 55 calves. calves that stand insecurely and are not able to correct their position if pushed require higher doses of sodium bicarbonate, if there is clinical evidence of a marked d-lactic acidosis.


How it works

STEP 1 Submit your order

STEP 2 Pay

STEP 3 Approve preview

STEP 4 Download


Why These Services?

Premium

Quality

Satisfaction

Guaranteed

Complete

Confidentiality

Secure

Payments


For security reasons we do not
store any credit card information.