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Big era 5 essay

World History For Us All: Big Era 5

Big era 5 essay

between 1500 and 1800 about 2 million europeans traveled to the western hemisphere. in accord with liberal principles that valued accumulation of private capital and the sanctity of property, new cartels and trusts were formed whose wealth dwarfed any business organizations previously known in history. the arrival of europeans in the americas transformed the natural environment because the newcomers brought with them new organisms of all types, including many new food plants, several domestic animals (of which native americans had few), and numerous species of weeds. a few empires emerged that were even bigger than the han and roman states of big era four. photo by ross dunn   humans and ideas two major cultural developments shaped big era five. the others were the french revolution (1789-99), the haitian revolution (1791-1804), and several revolutionary movements in latin america (1810-28).   humans and the environment big era five began with a sharp population decline that lasted from the third to the sixth centuries ce and that affected large areas of afroeurasia. its most visible cultural sign was the renaissance, a flowering of art, literature, philosophy, and science centered in (and paid for by) royal courts and wealthy men and women in italy and, a bit later, in northwestern europe. this said, we must note that most of the switch from biomass to fossil fuels occurred in the subsequent big era. while some elites, notably merchants, manufacturers, government bureaucrats, educators, and some church leaders endeavored to implement the liberal reform package of rights and representation, other groups steadfastly resisted these reforms. for example, at the start of big era five, forest clearing in roman italy caused irreversible soil degradation and contributed to serious food shortages. for example, in 1859 a farmer in australia introduced a few rabbits for hunting. in south asia, britain spent much of the era incorporating numerous pre-existing territories and kingdoms into a unified indian colonial empire. when the chinese admiral zheng-he visited southeast asia, india, sri lanka, the persian gulf, and the east african coast between 1405 and 1433, he had several ships that were 400 feet or more long and had five or more masts. on the other hand, it saw a catastrophic collapse in the population of the americas as a whole, which plummeted from at least 50 million in 1500 to perhaps 10 million by 1600. politics, liberal reformers called for republican, that is, representative, government characterized by democratic participation, constitutions, and legislatures. the second half of the era, european and american governments followed suit, establishing, by armed intervention, privileged enclaves in southeast asia and china. there were also growing wood shortages owing to the accelerating demand for wood energy for domestic fires, brewing, dyeing, metallurgy, and other industrial uses, as well as dependence upon wood as the primary material for constructing buildings and ships. in the first phase of the industrial revolution (1750-1840), entrepreneurs and workers harnessed coal and steam power to drive industrial machinery and vastly increase production.

World History For Us All: Big Era 6

environmental problems amid the growth and prosperity of big era five, there was also a strong countercurrent: a sharp global increase in environmental degradation. liberal-minded secularists believed that science and technology would inevitably banish superstition and backwardness. more than 50 million people emigrated from europe (including russia) during the era, two-thirds of them permanently. both colleges, one serving muslim, the other catholic professors and students, were institutions within universities that had several colleges. by the sixth century ce, however, the overall population of afroeurasia started to rise again. caravans and ships also carried ideas; during this era, a great deal of scientific and technological cross-fertilization took place, especially in afroeurasia but also in the americas. big era six, europe emerged as a center of technological and scientific advance, a hotbed of ideas and inventions that contributed greatly to the building of denser networks of human interaction. using new technologies of warfare and political control that came out of the industrial revolution, the empires of several european states greatly increased in size during this era. liberal economic reformers believed the market to be the ultimate governor of human relations, and they insisted that both property and labor be released from the outmoded restrictions of medieval times. the most dramatic example of this is that for the first time in history peoples of afroeurasia began to interact on a large scale with peoples of the americas (from the early sixteenth century) and (glossary-without javascript)australasia (from the later eighteenth century). construction of this norman romanesque church began in 1087 ce photo by ross dunn major belief systems among belief systems, hellenism, that is, philosophical and scientific ideas expressed in the ancient greek language, came to maturity in the first half of this era and spread widely. from a global perspective, the civil war, abolition, and reconstruction in the united states fit into this pattern of conflict between liberal and anti-liberal forces. by 1500 world population had surpassed all previous levels, reaching 400 million. itself had a transforming effect on the atlantic world in big era six. the worlds population increased from about 375 million in 1400 to 954 million in 1800. important, they argued that the universe operates according to natural laws, which human reason and careful observation may discover and explain. marxs writings, together with those of other socialist authors, had their roots in the ideas of the european enlightenment and the atlantic revolutions, but they also offered a critique of liberal reform and its failure to address inequality. in this essay we examine some of the dynamics at work, and explore theirsignificance. notably during the era of the mongol empire and the several big mongol states that followed it, the silk roads across afroeurasia bustled with caravan trade in silks, cottons, spices, tea, horses, ceramic wares, and numerous other products.

Big Era 5 Power Point

changes in the scale and complexity of human interactions greatly favored elites, that is people with wealth and power, because they were able to control and manage the new forms of organization and technology. by 1500, the societies of both island southeast asia and coastal east africa were becoming increasingly integrated into the wider afroeurasian intercommunicating zone. in the early centuries of the era, christianity and buddhism emerged as universalist religions, actively seeking to proclaim their message to all in the world who would listen, regardless of their ethnicity, language, or socialstatus. the web of commerce despite the mongol conquests and the black death in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, afroeurasia experienced a general trend of economic growth from about 700 to 1500. culturally, big era five featured the consolidation of several (glossary-without javascript)belief systems and the continuing retreat of the purely local religions of farmers, foragers, and (glossary-without javascript)pastoral nomads. the ancient world came to an end, and over the 1200 years of big era five, many elements of the modern world first came into view. historians have estimated that 42 percent of these enslaved men and women were sent to the caribbean, 38 percent to brazil, and only 5 percent to north america. their destinations were mainly the worlds temperate zones: canada, the united states, algeria, and siberia in the northern hemisphere; chile, argentina, uruguay, south africa, australia, and new zealand in the southern hemisphere. despite important fluctuations in this period, by 1500 ce populations had clearly surpassed previous levels around the world. steamships and railroads made major migrations of peoples possible in big era seven. to rapid change, liberal practices, and european colonialism often took religious form. also, faiths involving (glossary-without javascript)syncretism, which means the meshing of beliefs and rituals of different traditions, became more common as the web of human interactions around the world tightened. asia was the center of global economic activity at the beginning of big era six. 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th. by 1500 ce, states and empires were able to feed and clothe more people, build larger armies, and accumulate much more tax revenue to enhance their power. under the early muslim empires, especially the abbasid dynasty (750945) based in baghdad, the caliphs, or rulers, drew heavily on the governing traditions of the persian and byzantine empires that preceded them. big era seven began with the rise of britain as the leading global power, overshadowing france and all other countries. also slavery continued in the united states until its abolition in 1865, after a bitter and protracted civil war. by 1950, australias rabbit population numbered 500 million and continued to wreak havoc on agriculture.

big era 5 essay

World History For Us All: Big Era 7

in countries as diverse as turkey, russia, mexico, and china the supporters of economic reforms stressed the benefits of liberal economic improvement. the medieval christian church in western europe was headed by the pope in rome and linked under a hierarchy of bishops, priests, monks, and nuns. martin luther (1483-1546), a german christian monk, challenged the roman catholic church to make numerous reforms in doctrine and leadership. the term liberal refers basically to an attitude that favors individual rights, free markets, representative government, and progress. the population surge of big era five was linked to the spread of innovations in agriculture, especially numerous small changes to improve irrigation, domestic animal breeds, and enrichment of the soil. the fossil fuel revolution," which unleashed the vast energy power of coal, petroleum, and natural gas, lay several centuries in the future. big era six witnessed a sharp increase in world deforestation, notably in europe, the americas, and japan, an exploitation that also involved erosion, flooding, and climate change. also in this era the worlds population began to move dramatically upward, breaking through the ceilings on growth that had previously governed human affairs. the start of the era, the holders of power almost everywhere in the world viewed the notion of popular sovereignty, that is, that people are citizens, not subjects, and should have the right to vote and hold office, as dangerous nonsense. in 1854, japan also had to sign an unequal treaty with the united states and then with major european powers. period from 1750 to 1914 was a pivotal moment in human history. big era seven, autocatalytic change prevailed as ecological, economic, political, and technological developments fed upon one another and merged into a single global process, the modern revolution. unprecedented numbers of people in this era took advantage of steamships and railroads to migrate long distances within continental spaces as well as across oceans. at the beginning of the era, slavery was broadly accepted and widely practiced. it was only in big era seven that the demographic europeanization of the americas really took off. for example, french military and financial support for the american revolution led to that kingdoms bankruptcy and thus contributed to the french revolution, to be discussed in big era seven. in the late eighteenth century, for example, a pestilence on the siberian peninsula of kamchatka carried off as many as 75 percent of the local inhabitants. later in the era, the populations of asia and latin america also increased dramatically. innovations like these provided the basis for arithmetic, advanced mathematics, and the calculations of the movements of celestial bodies as the modern era approached.

Big Era 6 Power Point

  population, agriculture, and trade why did world population start moving up faster toward the end of big era five? historians have named it the era of the modern revolution. the fossil fuel era had begun, and this is the era we still live in today. in the later centuries of the era, european scholars adopted much of this muslim synthesis and reconciled hellenistic and christian understandings of nature. the start of big era seven, world coal output per year was less than 10 million metric tons. since big era four, pastoral nomads had constituted a serious challenge to settled societies and agrarian empires across the region. peoples around the world, especially elite groups with power and wealth, attempted to understand and influence the multitude of new developments that constituted the modern revolution, the doctrines of liberalism came to the fore, first of all in europe and the united states. after european wheat-eaters introduced this crop to the north american temperate climate (which was not radically different from europes climate), it became a staple of the diet of most of the population. because americas pre-existing biota was often unable to compete successfully with these invading species, much of the western hemispheres environment came within several centuries to resemble the environment of northwestern europe. in big era seven, liberalism took the form of a complex package of ideas and plans of action. like christianity and buddhism, but unlike judaism, islam was a missionary religion that by 1500 had spread outward from the arabian peninsula to india, southeast asia, china, africa, and southern europe. henceforth, kings had to respond to pressure from liberal-minded elites to incorporate democratic political features, such as constitutions and elected assemblies. at the end of big era six they numbered 330 million and 180 million respectively. in societies as diverse as mexico, brazil, egypt, turkey, china, and japan, attempts to implement a liberal reform package divided elites and caused prolonged social struggles. the onset of a cycle of lower temperatures in the northern hemisphere, what historians call the little ice age, also contributed to agricultural depression and declining population, especially in europe, russia, and china, and probably also in north america.   science, technology, and learning the second major cultural development of this era was the diffusion of scientific and technological ideas along the land and sea trade routes. long-distance commerce grew and cities multiplied across afroeurasia, especially between 1000 and 1500 ce. korean artisans invented the use of metal movable type, as opposed to wood or ceramic type, about the same time that gutenberg was experimenting with movable type. the early part of big era six, european participation in the trade of asia was seriously limited.

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between 1830 and 1913, some 30 to 40 million indians and about 15 million chinese left their countries to seek work in mines and on plantations in european colonies and latin american countries, as well as in southeast asia, the pacific islands, and south africa. politically, big era five was marked by the founding of a kaleidoscope of city-states, kingdoms, and empires. islam in the tradition of monotheism the emergence of islam as a third universalist religion was the most dramatic development of this era. over the course of big era seven change in human society became autocatalytic. once they set up their colonial governments, they proceeded with systematic extraction of raw materials from their colonies, including rubber, cacao, peanuts, tropical oils, and minerals. the mechanization of agriculture in both europe and temperate regions where europeans settled made it possible to produce, process, and transport food more cheaply and efficiently. big era seven the ideas of the scientific revolution and the enlightenment sank deep roots in europe and spread widely to other parts of the world, especially within elite culture and city-dwelling middle classes. overall there were fluctuations with a long-term upward trend, culminating with a significant rise at the end of the period to 400 million people globally. the anti-slavery movement was an important part of liberal reform in the americas in the first half of big era seven. for liberals, human progress was obviously desirable and inevitable, and science challenged earlier understandings of nature and the universe. gilder lehrman institute of american history ap us history simulation on stern rudder independent control for submarine amazon com the art of the personal essay an anthology from the studylib net chart showing the falling number of banks in england and wales big time college football needs to be distanced from the academic the gilder lehrman institute of american history ap us history world history teaching units big era timeline known and strange things essays teju cole amazon world history for us all san diego state university big era four deadspin major trade routes of afroeurasia c ce big era four. even more distressing were the famines of 1876-1902, which historians have linked to climatic conditions produced by the el nio southern oscillation (enso), a cyclical warming of sea surface temperatures combined with changes in sea level pressure in the southern pacific basin. for example, as late as 1800, the end of big era six, no more than about 2 percent of humans lived in cities, while 95 percent were farmers. for british manufacturers, this was good liberal practice because the market was allowed to determine whether indians bought local or european cottons. british merchants regarded this course of events as a case of practical liberal reform, but it led to a large flow of silver out of china to pay for opium, which weakened the already strained chinese economy. it is important to note, however, that europe enjoyed this role only because its thinkers and experimenters were able to build on the legacy of scientific and technological exchanges that had been part of afroeurasian history for several millennia. also, the average life span of african slaves was significantly lower than that of european immigrants to the americas. by 1500, scientific ideas and technological devices, such as writing systems, mathematics, celestial observation, water management, navigation, and mining were widely available among interconnected societies. moreover, the dynamic interactions among changes in many different areaspolitical, economic, technological, cultural, environmentalhave, by the very process of interaction, generated the need for even more changes.

World History For Us All: Big Era 6

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in the americas, the aztec and incan territorial empires, which emerged late in this era, bear comparison to those of afroeurasia. scientific perspectives on the earths geology challenged the biblical story of the great flood, while charles darwins book the origin of species (1859) provided a new perspective on the place of humans in the scheme of nature. for the first time, there was a single global financial market, which liberals regarded as a progressive reform. at the same time, the catholic church continued to gain followers, and a variety of protestant churches sprang up, the forerunners of modern denominations such as the lutherans, presbyterians, methodists, episcopalians, and baptists. its cities generated finished goods, and its bazaars and warehouses transshipped goods in large quantities from one part of the hemisphere to the other. if farmers and herders stopped producing more because of some unforeseen crisis, then population growth came to a halt or numbers even went down, as the era of the black death grimly demonstrated. 1500 and 1800 the proportion of men and women of african origin in the americas steadily grew. the dark side of wealth accumulation was that increased integration of the world market made economies more vulnerable to financial crashes that could wipe out vast sums in a moment.-reaching changes in maritime ship-building and navigation greatly speeded global exchange in big era six. population went from about 52 million in 1400 to 146 million in 1800, with most of the increase coming in the eighteenth century. 2 data adapted from rein taagepera, "size and duration of empires: systematics of size," social science research 7 (1978): 108-127. generally, the leaders of states encouraged nationalism, proclaiming that the interests of the state and the nation were one.. 772,000 continental united states present 3,021,000 the scale of warfare in big era five, warfare reached new levels of violence, thanks to the widespread use of projectile weapons, such as the catapult, the long bow, the compound bow, and the crossbow. in 1800, europeans controlled some 35 percent of the earths land area. headrick,the tentacles of progress: technology transferin the age of imperialism, 1850-1940(new york: oxford up, 1988), 67. era 5 essay Search the site by word or phrase:Curriculumat a glance. the rise of nationalist thought was linked to growing literacy and public education. with big era seven, the world entered the age of coal and steam power. today, we are conscious that the modern world is radically different from all earlier eras.

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timbuktu from terrace jpg jpeg image empires of afroeurasia rome bce ce unit ii post classical era connecting the world exchange and encounter austrian hungarian empire the austro hungarian navy big nonfiction notes by faith pfeiffer on prezi slideplayer unit ii post classical era connecting the world exchange and encounter world history for us all san diego state university. in southeast asia, several maritime empires emerged, for example, srivijaya and majapahit, which drew great wealth from trade in spices. the emperor of russia ordered the casting of this gigantic bronze cannon in 1586. in europe, the byzantine empire and the early russian empire came to flower in big era five, while in africa south of the sahara a number of important states emerged, among them ghana and mali in west africa and great zimbabwe in southern africa. big era and the three essential questions for more than five millennia the population of afroeurasia had grown steadily, forming larger and more complex political units such as the han chinese, persian achaemenid, and roman empires. in big era seven the worlds population more than doubled, definitively piercing the previous limits on growth. by the early nineteenth century, the harnessing of steam power enabled humans to vastly multiply the energy generated from burning coal, thereby greatly expanding the amount of energy available to humans per capita, that is, to each individual. as we have suggested in the discussion for the previous big eras, between the eighth and fourteenth centuries, a new synthesis of arab, persian, mesopotamian, greek, and indian knowledge about nature, society, and the cosmos gradually appeared. one estimate, more than 100 million people world-wide were involved in long-distance migrations during big era seven.   humans and other humans big era five marks the apex of pastoral power across afroeurasia. more intensive commercial exchange and movements of peoples across afroeurasia by land and sea during big era five also helped stimulate population growth. in the previous big era, asians had been mostly unwilling to import european goods because they did not want or need them. era six was characterized by two contrasting major trends in human demography. one distinguishing feature of this era was its unusual demographic (population) history. in 1800, the global population stood at around 900 million, by itself a huge leap from the start of the previous era. the incidence of flooding on china's major rivers appears to have increased steadily in big era five. since about 1750, a steadily pyramiding sequence of changes has transformed human life. the spread of european settler colonies also greatly facilitated the diffusion of christianity in the temperate regions. big era five saw the emergence of the indian ocean basin as a new focus of busy economic interchange.

Big Era 5 - YouTube

in 1750, monarchy was the prevailing form of government, while language and ethnicity, though important, were not viewed as the proper basis on which to organize states..1 resistance to imperialism in africa, asia, and the americas 1880-1914 summary of teaching unit complete teaching unit pdf format   footnotes:Angus maddison, world economy: a millennial perspective (paris: organization for economic co-operation and development, 2001), 241. from about 500 bce, hellenistic thought deeply influenced intellectual and artistic life throughout the mediterranean world, southwest asia, india, and inner eurasia. by 1858, it declined to 56,000, owing mainly to diseases that europeans brought with them. wikimedia commons also in this era, the trans-saharan trade in gold, salt, and other commodities stimulated growth of population and cities north and south of the desert, as well as cultural exchange, notably the islamic faith, between the mediterranean lands and west africa. this was an extension of the columbian exchange of biota that occurred in the previous big era. in the 1550s, silver mined in the americas became available to spain, then to the rest of western europe, as well as to china directly by way of spanish galleon voyages across the pacific ocean. five key transformations mark the era:First, human societies and the networks that connected them became much more complex. nevertheless, an array of ingenious technological advances allowed humankind to feed, clothe, and shelter itself even as global population grew faster than in any earlier era. the economic sphere, liberalism called for such reforms as establishment of the rule of law in societies, the sanctity of private property, and the improvement of communications, including railroads, steamship lines, telegraphs, and modern port facilities. at the start of big era seven, for example, both austrian and russian forces deploying massed field artillery and other lethal weapons were able to defeat the ottomans more and more often. for example, the population of the territory that now constitutes the united states may have been as high as 10 million in 1500, and those people were all american indians. beginning in the fourth century ce, armed invasions perpetrated by uighurs, huns, arabs, and other mounted armies, plus the spread of epidemic disease, seriously weakened several agrarian empires.     understanding how extensive and sophisticated the trans-afroeurasian exchange network had become by 1500 offers a fresh perspective on the next era, when columbus and other intrepid mariners sailed across the atlantic and pacific oceans and around the cape of good hope. in return, they imported finished goods from the metropolitan country (the one that controlled the colony) and from industrializing regions generally. in 1500, for example, wheat was unknown to peoples of north america. photo by ross dunn in big era five, indigenous religions in the americas gradually coalesced into a smaller number of cultural traditions. in big era seven, workers rights gradually gained momentum in industrialized countries. printing stimulated literacy among middle- and upper-class europeans, a growing market for ideas, including new conceptions of nature, the cosmos, and human society.


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