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Gender in sport literature review

  • Language, Gender, and Sport: A Review of the Research Literature

    Gender in sport literature review

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    Examination of Gender Equity and Female Participation in Sport

    the main themes to emerge from participants’ best sporting experiences include a feeling of achievement, being part of a team or community, being accepted and welcomed, experiencing health benefits, having the opportunity to travel and broaden life experiences, having fun and friendship, gaining confidence and providing a positive contribution. while evidence shows that diversity is good for business, only 33 percent of all board positions available in victorian state sport associations are currently held by women (as at december 2013). brennan, olympic gold medalist and the benefits of the women leaders in sport program (audio, 4 minutes and 45 seconds), australian institute of sport (9 september 2016). furthermore, the proportion of men speaking about female sport was greater than the proportion of female spokespeople discussing male sport. however, between january 2010 and august 2011, this report shows that women’s sport received just 0. womensport and recreation survey (pdf  - 62 kb), australian womensport and recreation association (awra) (2007). this paper provides an analysis of the justification for maintaining sex segregation in some sports, as well as making a case for the rights of transsexuals to be recognised in their new sex. this handbook on good practices gives a practical look at the political commitment made by council of europe member states in the fight against homophobia in sport. the backgrounds of the women in this series are diverse and include education, politics, journalism, marketing, law, as well as the more traditional sports background. the association is a national non-profit organisation dedicated to creating an equitable sport and physical activity system in which girls and women are actively engaged as participants and leaders. gap between men’s and women’s interest in sport has narrowed over the last 50 years. this study provides an overview of legal and policy frameworks; describes initiatives promoted by sport and civil society organisations; identifies best practice in combatting gender-based violence in sport; and makes recommendations for future action. sport survey: the sport experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex people in the australian capital territory (pdf  - 2. however, some participants in sport find that these values are not extended to them because of their sexual orientation, or because of what someone thinks is their sexual orientation. sport australia hall of fame (sahof) has a number of award categories; again, awards are not gender specific, but australian sportswomen are under-represented compared to their male cohort. people and competitive sport: guidance for national governing bodies of sport (pdf  - 1. an interconnected world, and with cultural diversity ever present, there is growing recognition in sport management for the need to understand such diversity alongside the desire for more inclusive. recent years there has been a growing social movement toward the use of non-traditional sport practices as a vehicle for social change, reaching communities with messages in ways traditional sport. women sport australia (wsa) is a not-for-profit organisation that supports the active participation of women and girls in sport, physical activity and recreation. purpose of this paper was to systematically review the study of organisational culture in sport. whereas black athletes are perceived as masculinised by their sporting experience, gay athletes are feminised by theirs. transitioned athletes compete at an advantage or disadvantage as compared with physically born men and women: a review of the scientific literature (pdf  - 130 kb), devries m, canadian association for the advancement of women and sport and physical activity (2008).  the issues surrounding girls’ participation in physical education and sport are clearly identified in the research literature; however, the problem is multifaceted and complex. women in sport and recreation in australia, australian government; the senate, environment, communications, information technology and the arts references committee (september 2006). management review has been the sport management leader in publishing literature reviews and new theoretical frameworks. the report lists these common barriers to participation among mature age australians: (1) lack of transport to and from sport and recreation facilities, (2) lack of knowledge or misunderstanding about the benefits of physical activity, (3) uncertainty about available opportunities and whether activities are appropriate for them, (4) negative stereotypes, (5) cost, (6) existing medical conditions, (7) fear of injury, and (8) motivation.  the book ‘the social significance of sport’ (1989) makes the point that gender stereotypes exist across society and within its various institutions, and sport has a traditional stereotype of being a male dominated activity. numerous studies show that girls can learn many skills through sport that directly affect their ability to lead. this paper outlines some of the australian sports commission’s concerns and issues arising from the sexualising of female athletes to promote women’s sport.. heterosexuality) is generally discouraged in sport, particularly in team sports. association for the advancement of women and sport and physical activity (caaws).  there was strong agreement among female respondents that engagement in sports has a positive impact on the workplace. number of barriers to women's participation in sport have been identified. other people have different views regarding how a female athlete should market herself and her sport. there is a trend towards greater inclusion of women in european sport, but there are still a considerable number of gendered hierarchies. a state-wide organisation that advocates and promotes positive perceptions of women and girls in sport; driving both profile and participation. field of sport for development (sfd) has been criticised for the way that evidence has been produced and used to account for and demonstrate the perceived success of sfd programmes. the objective of this review is to provide a multilevel. four key themes emerged concerning participation and leadership by girls and women: (1) leadership, clear goals and measurement are the first necessary ingredients to create and support change; (2) changes to traditional structures and ways of working are essential to developing new participation and leadership opportunities; (3) new ways of ‘thinking’ and ‘doing’ need to be nurtured through education and training, and; (4) visibility is important - promotion of female sport and active recreation opportunities, leadership, pathways, and role models. this report summarises data gathered from an international survey on homophobia in sport. play by the rules is a national platform that promotes safe, fair, and inclusive sport. this article discusses the ethical issue of transgender athletes in us sports and points out how the concept of being transgender still provokes extreme prejudice and hostility; transgender athletes are subjected to a high degree of victimisation. this study reports that more than one-third of lgbti respondents were engaged in competitive sports and more than half in recreational sports. sport media often heterosexualises the female athlete by emphasising their relationship with men; but this pattern is not found in the coverage of male athletes.  however, overall the balance remained weighted toward men’s sport. for development programmes for girls and women: a global assessment, hancock m, lyras a, ha j, journal of sport for development, volume 1, issue 1 (2013). participants had a high involvement in club sports (84%), but only about a third (33. the sport of bowls, the relaxation of rules by bowls australia to allow men and women to participate in one another’s pennant bowls competitions has been welcomed by the majority of respondents in a major survey conducted by the centre for sport and social impact at la trobe university.  the authors suggest that until media coverage becomes more inclusive of women in a variety of sports, rising overall participation rates by women in sports and fitness activities will do little to change traditional gender-typing. these messages were promoted in varying degrees in the major professional codes of football, basketball and baseball, as well as in extreme and action sports. gay men were significantly less likely to play team sport than lesbian women (45% versus 62% respectively) because the abuse among men could be serious (i. the best women’s events enjoy large television audiences that compare favourably with men’s; in fact 70% of viewers for women’s events are male sports fans. in addition the eu has published a white paper on sport. sport as an industry sector is (generally) entrenched in a male leadership culture. understanding the planning and hosting of major sporting events is a popular research area, less is known about the bid process despite the potential economic and political spinoffs. while gender-based stereotypes in news reporting on sport were rare, sport in australia was represented in the electronic media as a traditionally male culture that draws on a rich spectrum of narratives, with female sport as its less-complex, more-novel other. research on the rate of traumatic injuries that occur in contact sports at middle-school, high school and university may be used to determine the potential physical risks for transgender athletes competing in single sex sports. forbidden zone: intimacy, sexual relations and misconduct in the relationship between coaches and athletes (abstract), nielsen j, international review for the sociology of sport, volume 36, number 2 (2001). information can be found in the clearinghouse for sport portfolio, indigenous australians and sport.. leadership, administration, coaching, and player participation) in sport by women and girls. structural and cultural remedies, as well as practical recommendations, are suggested for sport organisations, athletes, sports medicine and allied disciplines, sport scientists and researchers. even when members of the sporting community acknowledge the presence of lgbt coaches, there may be subtle discrimination or prejudicial attitudes.  during the olympic games the coverage given to women in certain sports increased substantially. the study also suggests that by only focusing on ‘role models’, rather than on multiple behavioural ‘influencers’, there is the potential to overlook a wide range of factors that can influence behaviour to participate in sport. as more transsexual people are involved in competitive sport in the uk and as our understanding of the issues that they face, both legally and medically, increases uk sport will continue to share good practice and knowledge in this area. she also comments on gender equity in government funding to 'men's' sport and briefly discusses the value of sport and physical activity for girls and women. it provides practical guidance for sporting clubs and organisations about promoting an inclusive environment, being proactive in preventing discrimination and responding appropriately if it occurs.  through sport, women can gain a sense of personal empowerment in the form of identity management, belonging, engagement, and bodily competence. this article defines sexploitation in sport and presents the arguments for and against the use of this marketing tactic. the ‘next generation’ of female participants by supporting a sport environment that is diverse, welcoming and fun. post-social conceptual framework for exploring object narratives in sport organisations. information about the nature of organised and non-organised sport can be found in the clearinghouse for sport portfolios, social sport and what is sport? information about the ausplay survey can be found in the clearinghouse for sport under ‘research’. perceptions in sport – gender and sexuality are very strong organising features in society, but deviation from the norm (i. schools project designed to make schools safer and more inclusive for same-sex attracted and sex and gender diverse students, primarily through sport. cultures of respect and non-violence: a review of literature concerning adult learning and violence prevention programs with men (pdf  - 30 kb), dyson s and flood m, australian research centre in sex, health and society at la trobe university, australian football league, and vichealth, respect and responsibility program (2005). this review also identifies what this means for sports and exercise activities and initiatives, so that program deliverers can adjust to the needs of women and girls. the author draws upon personal experience and informal interviews with lesbian sportspeople. on the basis of this research, the authors suggest that girls may experience greater social latitude in their sport participation than boys; exercising greater freedom to try a wider variety of sports. effects of team identification on sport consumer behaviour are well established. launched in 2015 by canada’s dairy farmers, this women-in-sport initiative is intended to shine a spotlight on women in sports and to cultivate passionate fans among everyday canadians for women’s sports.  this research was aimed at gaining a better understanding of the educational experiences of recent female sport management and physical education graduates, and the career pathways of female ceos in the new zealand sport sector. australia, girls/women are generally under-represented in organised sport participation when compared to their male cohort, particularly among some segments of the population; including persons with disability, culturally and linguistically diverse (cald) groups and indigenous. resources and information for sporting organisations can be found on the play by the rules website.. uk sport, canadian centre for ethics in sport (cces), etc. the invisible, speaking about the unspoken: position paper on homophobia in sport (pdf  - 103 kb), canadian association for the advancement of women and sport (2012). is considerable literature that focuses on the negative impact of hyper-masculine behaviours and attitudes in some sports.

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  • Examination of Gender Equity and Female Participation in Sport

    A Literature Review of Sexual Orientation in Sport

    A Literature Review of Sexual Orientation in Sport

    compared to previous data extraction of sport and recreation information from larger australia bureau of statistics social surveys, ausplay will cover a wider view of sport and recreation topics and allow for deeper and more timely analysis. mb), johnstone l and millar s, canadian association for the advancement of women and sport and physical activity, supplement to canadian sport for life (2012). this position statement seeks to provide the medical community with the knowledge to appropriately identify and address cases of abuse, harassment, and bullying, and proposes recommendations for the potential role of sport medicine professionals in athlete protection.'wendy ey memorial coaching scholarships for women' - these scholarships have been established to encourage and assist female coaches who are coaching at, or striving to coach at, an elite level in their chosen sport. play: young women’s stories of sport and real life, women win (2015). research by victoria university and la trobe university has identified sport as a significant site of homophobic harassment. therefore, the australian sports commission developed the women in sport leadership register as a free service that aims to connect the two. where women are: insight on engaging women and girls in sport and exercise (pdf  - 1. this book has two main aims: to fill the scholarly vacuum on sexual exploitation in sport; and to review, shape, and inform policy and practice. glamourised shots of female athletes were concentrated in entertainment media and not sports reporting. the world of contemporary sport it is commonly claimed that at its elite end at least, sport's management is complex because the product it delivers to participants and fans is so idiosyncratic.  many sportswomen have been recognised over the years through the australian honours system for their contribution to sport and society. the scoreboard provides an internationally accessible, interactive and real time means of tracking progress and showcasing good practices with regards to the boards of sport organisations. harassment and professional sports organizations (pdf  - 230 kb), shulman l and clifton g, professional sports and the law, volume 1, issue 6 (2011). this project does not imply that there are problems in hockey, but it does provide an opportunity to explore significant issues in a positive way and to showcase what can be done by a sporting organisation. where women played traditionally ‘masculine’ team sports (such as rugby), whole teams of players were perceived as lesbian and were often subjected to verbal abuse regardless of the individual participants’ sexual identity. sports presenter gabby logan discusses ‘sexism’ in british football (soccer) and how women are treated differently than men. a systematic multiagency approach to prevention is most effective, involving athletes, entourage members, sport managers, medical and therapeutic practitioners, educators and criminal justice agencies. female coaches (pdf  - 496 kb), sports coach uk and the women’s sport and fitness foundation (2010). this report provides support to governments and stakeholders seeking to strengthen the contribution of sport to development and peace. include:Lack of access to sport and facilities due to remote geographical location. this review of literature was conducted to provide an evidence base for the australian sports commission’s (asc) ‘national integrity in sport strategy’. all forms of harassment are serious and should be dealt with by the respective sport governing organisations. psychological and sociological dynamics of sport participation and sport spectatorship are presaged by and captured in the production and consumption of music. and sexual prejudice in sport and physical activity (pdf  - 125 kb), gill d, morrow r, collins k, lucey a and schultz a, journal of sports management, volume 20, issue 4 (2006). lifechats series on women leaders in the sport industry: real conversations with remarkable leaders, siang s, ajasa t, kowalczuk d, sieber h, meyers a, busch l and mcmahon j, duke university, the fuqua school of business (2013). national sporting organisations have also indicated that they would like assistance in sourcing talented females for consideration for leadership positions. its mission is to combat the negative stigma associated with same sex attracted, sexual and gender diverse participants in sport. paper reflects on why and how there should (continue to) be an investment in sport management by investing in the application and development of theory. million fewer women than men playing sport regularly (at least once per week). most recent comparative figures from the australian bureau of statistics general social survey estimate that people with disability are 15% less likely to participate in sport and active recreation than the general population.> knowledge base > organised sport  > sport and government policy objectives > women's sport. by: dr ralph richards, senior research consultant, nsic/clearinghouse, australian sports commission. coverage of women in sport made up only 9% of all sports coverage in australian television news, while 7% of non-news television programming content was devoted to female sport. our wings: ways forward in qualitative research in sport management. emotional abuse of elite child athletes by their coaches (abstract), gervis m and dunn n, child abuse review, volume 13, number 3 (2004). this report builds on the interim report and looks ahead by suggesting further actions in each of the five key areas: (1) increasing women’s participation in sport; (2) improving the media profile of women’s sport; (3) increasing commercial investment in women’s sport; (4) improving women’s representation in leadership and the workforce, and; (5) greater recognition of women’s sporting achievements. participation in sport is supposed to enhance an individual’s mental, physical and spiritual health and “bring out the best in us”. it’s difficult to imagine sports as an environment in which any young athlete suffers abuse, particularly sexual abuse. coach, female athlete relations: gender and power relations in competitive sport (pdf  - 2. on organizational justice in sport has evolved during the past fifteen years. she discusses stereotypes in sport, how sexism and homophobia are connected, and why it’s damaging for both men and women.  the report examines: (1) female participation in sport and physical activity - as players or taking part in some other physically active role, (2) female involvement in organised sport in a non-playing role, (3) females as spectators at sporting events, (4) female employment in sport, and (5) female volunteers in sport.• 54% of gay men felt unwelcome in sport, saying they are ‘not at all accepted’ or ‘accepted a little’; 36% of lesbians felt the same way. the committee acknowledges there are also very serious issues in relation to transgender people in sport and the problems they face. the building young women’s leadership through sport (bywlts) program worked cooperatively with local partner organisations in eight countries: india, bangladesh, nigeria, zambia, ethiopia, uganda and kenya; building capacity to deliver quality and scalable programs. using data derived from a large number of interviews around the world, this report looks at several commercial and societal implications of the growing female fan population, as well as factors influencing women's participation in sport. a sport experience design (sx) framework for sport consumer behaviour research. as well as updating these figures, we also include for the first time, the results of a media audit providing a detailed breakdown of the coverage different media types give to women’s sport. using influencers to unlock opportunities that positively impact women’s sporting behaviours (pdf  - 1. have been underrepresented in sports coaching, officiating, and administration and these key positions provide role models for girls and women. assessing what sport can do to facilitate personal, cultural and social development, the canadian centre for ethics in sport outlines the positive ideals of sport and the many benefits derived from ‘good’ practice. however, as girls mature there are social and cultural, and perhaps biological, considerations that impact upon their decision to participate in sport during adolescence and throughout life. the media shapes the public's perceptions of the accomplishments of women playing sports and whether women in general can be strong, confident and highly skilled. the study focused primarily on issues of sexuality affecting lesbian, gay and bisexual (lgb) persons in a sporting context. emergence of social media has profoundly impacted the delivery and consumption of sport. similarly, the study of the professionalisation of sport has a relatively. while the number of girls in sport is growing and the gender gap is getting smaller, there is still a noticeable absence of women in sport leadership positions.) are working with sports organisations to improve their policies and practices as they relate to transgender participants.. ethnicity, race, socio-economic status, and the existence of explicit or implicit sexism in sports clubs and in broader society) and some are institutional factors (e. this document has been cited internationally as a 'best practice' example of sporting leadership in addressing homophobia. from 2011, major sports governing bodies, including the international olympic committee, the fédération internationale de football association and the international association of athletics federations, instituted new eligibility rules that were intended to quell the outrage over the handling of the caster semenya case. of sexual abuse in organised competitive sport in australia (abstract), leahya t, prettyb g and tenenbaumc g, journal of sexual aggression, volume 8, issue 2 (2002). women’s sport media coverage increased during the 2012 london olympics, but has fallen back to just 7% of total coverage. the author concludes that current policies do not demonstrate an overall increase in acceptance of gender variance in the world of sport. for the first time adults’ and childrens’ sport and physical recreation participation data is being collected simultaneously, to better understand the relationship between the activity habits of children and parents.’s sport: say yes to success (pdf  - 989 kb), women’s sport and fitness foundation (2014). the 2015 vicsport are you on board campaign kicks off with a video around the importance of having diversity among committee members in grassroots sport, with particular focus on including females on committees and boards. abundance of institutional logics is associated with the area of sport for development and peace (sdp). the purpose of this guidance is to assist those involved in running or administering organised and competitive sport in the united kingdom to deal with the very special set of circumstances that transsexual people present. college of sports medicine (acsm) (pdf  - 62 kb), exercise during pregnancy (2007). the present study examines homophobic dynamics in boys’ and men’s sport to better understand the relationship. and while espn does a great job during the ncaa women's basketball final four, at other times of the year, girls receive negative or inconsistent messages from sports television. research at la trobe university’s australian centre for sex, health and society, is attempting to determine the experiences of gay, lesbian, bisexual sports people. through bywlts, women win successfully provided safe spaces for adolescent girls and young women to learn critical life skills through their participation in sport and then practise those leadership skills. this article traces the study of sport and physical cultures and masculinities and sexualities, principally by examining homophobia. this report looks at the motivations behind female sporting participation to help providers gain a better understanding of how to further drive and sustain participation by girls and women. of sports programs, facilities, and organizations can have a role in promoting health through physical activity participation. canadian heritage is committed to a sport system that provides quality sport experiences, where women and girls are actively engaged and equitably supported in a full range of roles. this review explores our current understanding of what women want from sport and exercise programs; their relevant motivations, barriers, and triggers that prompt them into being more active., sport embodies positive values and morals; such as cooperation, mutual respect, fair play and equality. sports organisations must understand:• it is against the law to discriminate against another person on the basis of their gender identity in sport, unless an exception applies. women to succeed in the sports industry they must possess mental toughness, discipline, resilience and the ability to deal with outcomes beyond one’s control. & gay, you can be both (pdf  - 102 kb), sport charter, sport wales (2014). outcome of sexual harassment/abuse in sport can be psychological as well as physical.. the goal of the project was to develop a flexible model of engaging clubs on these issues that will not only be useful for hockey, but can be adapted to other sporting codes and their governing bodies. this report provides a wide and compelling array of evidence that good sport is good for people and good for communities.

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  • Gender in sport literature review

    The Gender Equity Movement in Women's Sports: A Literature

    The Gender Equity Movement in Women's Sports: A Literature

    therefore, lgbt participants in sport feel they have to keep their sexuality hidden from their peers and teammates. purpose of this paper is to highlight the value of autoethnography as a qualitative methodology, document the current literature using autoethnographic approaches, and explore the possibilities. in this report, researchers situate the status and challenges of canadian girls and women’s participation and leadership in sport, and identify actions to fuel lifelong participation. this report identifies barriers that prevent women from participating more fully in sport and physical activity, why informal sport activities are more appealing, and what these participants want. leaders in this series, whether they’ve had experiences in team sports or not, understand the power of collaboration and building trust and partnerships. of the current dominant theories in the management literature is institutional theory.  the committee asked stakeholder organisations and institutions to consider what cultural and societal factors need to change to make sport and recreation more inviting for women and girls and how they view the role of government on this issue and what actions they believe the government should take to encourage more women and girls into sport and recreation. year-round coverage of sports, the range of female sports was comparatively narrow and focused on tennis, surfing, cycling, golf and netball. the commission advises the ioc on policy matters and is tasked with the responsibility of encouraging greater women’s participation in the olympic games and sport in general.’s participation in sport and physical activity (pdf  - 884 kb), women’s sport and fitness foundation (2008). key findings were that about 41% of respondents have felt unsafe in a sporting environment; 34% had experienced sexism in sport with women experiencing the most sexism, followed by transgender people and men; 32% had experienced verbal homophobia or bullying in a sporting environment, but only 3. despite increased participation opportunities for girls and women in sport, they are underrepresented in leadership positions at all levels of sport.[transgender] young men: gendered subjectivities and the physically active body (abstract), caudwell j, sport, education and society, volume 19, number 4 (2014). report ‘strategies to improve sport participation of females from non-english speaking backgrounds’ listed a number of recommended strategies that national and state sporting organisations could implement to break down barriers.• 80% of all respondents said they have witnessed or experienced homophobia in sport. the game for school girls, michael doyle, australian rugby union, sports talks (20/05/2013) (available to clearinghouse member groups b and c). social and cultural barriers include a male-dominated sport culture, lack of media representation of the role of women in sport, attitudes and prejudices about sexuality and ability, and sexual harassment and abuse.  females with advanced degrees or family income above the mean were more likely to participate in sport and active recreation. there are some key issues that highlight the negative underbelly of sport and of those who manage it. it is the first comprehensive survey of the lgbt sport experience in australia and provides rich insight into the sporting lives, passions, rewards and challenges of these sports participants, supporters, volunteers and workers. sport equality and diversity strategy (pdf - 284 kb),  uk sport (2010). ten professional women coaches who identified themselves as lesbian, from both individual and team sports within the uk, were interviewed. this report identifies perceived or real barriers and suggests how sporting organisations can become more inclusive for muslim women. study reaffirms the results of other research that sport participation can overcome the traditional stereotypes of ageing and gender. kick like a girl, good for you, libby sadler, afl, sports talks (20/05/2013) (available to clearinghouse member groups b and c). although sexism in sport is commonly associated with damaging outcomes to women, the women participating in this study had relatively more success in sport than the men.  the women’s sport and fitness foundation (wsff) in the united kingdom has been tracking the amount of media coverage given to women's sport and has produced a number of reports. the report speculates that it is doubtful whether a ‘de-gendering’ of sport is possible, not least because male and female participation in sport may have different meanings. regarding who participates in sport and physical recreation and their sport and activity preferences (organised and/or non-organised, or by activity) was captured by the australian bureau of statistics (abs) as part of more general social surveys and presented in a number of reports. this publication is aimed at local, state/territory and national sporting organisations and clubs involved in non-elite sporting activities.  as of 2016 there are 38 members who have been elevated to 'legends' of australian sport, eleven are women:Evonne cawley (nee goolagong) ao, mbe – tennis. members include people interested in sports administration, coaching, officiating, participation, education, recreation and leisure. evidence regarding the impact and success of projects that address lgbt opportunities in sport are provided, with reference to the government’s sports strategy – sporting future: a new strategy for an active nation. and discourse in the politics of evidence in sport for development. there are still variation in the progress made by individual ngbs and publicly funded sports organisations. just over a year after its inception, the women and sport advisory board released this interim report to provide an overview of the key issues surrounding women and sport and provide a snapshot of action by the government, its primary delivery bodies for sport (i. rugby league, pregnancy policy downloaded from sporting pulse (unknown revision date). this united states based association advocates for equitable and quality sport opportunities for all girls and women. this report summarises the work undertaken and points out good practice in three distinct areas: (1) initiatives aimed at improving sports participation by lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people; (2) volunteering, and; (3) spectating. third, broadcasters should hire and retain on-camera sports commentators who are capable and willing to present women’s sport in the same light as men’s sport. yard to sports star with kim brennan (audio, 2minutes 46 seconds), australian institute of sport (december 2016). janice crosswhite, founding president of the australian womensport and recreation association, discusses the role of media coverage in promoting women's sport. the purpose of this guidance is to assist those persons involved in running or administering organised and competitive sport in the united kingdom to deal with the very special set of circumstances that transsexual people present. the extreme disparity in the amount of television coverage across female sports, it is important to note that the tone and content of reports on female athletes and female sport have markedly improved when compared to previous studies. recent years there has been a growing social movement toward the use of non-traditional sport practices as a vehicle for social change, reaching communities with messages in ways traditional sport. the results suggested that stigma consciousness is negatively related to participation in feminine sports; that is boys participating in perceived ‘female sports’ were stigmatised. is necessary to listen to voices and opinion outside of mainstream sports. tides is part of the devos sport business management graduate program, college of business administration, at the university of central florida. can the social theory of pierre bourdieu assist sport management research? mb), lumby c, caple h and greenwood k, university of new south wales journalism and media research centre and media monitors, joint research for the australian sports commission, published 2010, last updated january 2014. mb), treagus m, cover r and beasley c, the fay gale centre for research on gender, university of adelaide, prepared for the australian sports commission (2011). (4) equal media space and time for women's and men's sports.  gender representation may also influence the decision making processes within, and business performance of, sporting organisations. abs also collected sport participation statistics for aboriginal and torres strait islander adults. generally, there is a decline in the sport participation rate among adults in successive age-groups. the authors state there is little scientific literature on sexual harassment and abuse that focuses on these vulnerable groups or specific prevention measures. however, despite the progress made, opportunities in interscholastic and collegiate sports are still weighted toward a male advantage. sexism, racism and bullying can occur in any number of sporting codes.'strategies to improve sport participation of females from non-english speaking backgrounds' taylor t and toohey k, universithy of technology sydney, school of leisure and tourism studies (1998). this difference probably reflects the types of sports men and women are interested in watching and the way they can be accessed. million people) reported that they had participated in sport and physical recreation; this is down from 65% in the 2011-12 survey. this is the seventh annual report on the leadership roles filled by women in uk sporting organisations. practices of sporting organisations and participants exist within legal, ethical, and social contexts.  this guide provides some pointers for national governing bodies and other sport providers on how to make their sport more accessible. the perpetrators included their immediate supervisors, co-workers, male members of the sport media, athletes, and employees of sport organisations. the pride in sport index™(psi) is a joint initiative of the australian human rights commission and the australian sports commission, as a legacy of the bingham cup staged in 2014 in sydney. medical and scientific commission of the international olympic committee met in 2015 to update previous recommendations for guidelines that international sport governing bodies could adopt regarding transgender athletes competing internationally. ethical behaviour that is characterised by inclusion, fairness and respect - regardless of someone’s known or assumed sexual identity and regardless of whether someone is either born or living as a male or female - is embedded in sporting values. therefore, it’s necessary for the ioc to ensure, insofar as possible, that trans athletes are not excluded from the opportunity to participate in sporting competition. women win have put together a video that connects sport and empowerment as a means for women and girls to overcome gender-based violence. case for commercial investment in women’s sport (pdf  - 458 kb), women’s sport and fitness foundation (2011). punishment of children in sport and recreation (pdf  - 283 kb), ensom r and durrant j, coaches plan, volume 15, number 4 (2008-09). equality and (elite) sport (pdf  - 399 kb), pfister g, council of europe (2011). the issues, focus areas and themes arising from the research have been distilled to form an overarching framework, which highlights key areas and suggested interventions that richmond football club and other sporting organisations can make to embed gender equity and diversity in the management and governance of their organisation. social research in the united kingdom helps to inform sporting organisations about barriers and drivers of women's participation in sport. increased participation opportunities for girls and women in sport, they are underrepresented in leadership positions at all levels of sport. physical activity and sport participation campaign: insights report (pdf  - 264 kb), van bueren d, elliott s and farnam c (tns consultants), prepared for the department of health (2016). this suggests that although sex integration may be part of the sport and an important step towards breaking down gender hierarchies, there may be wider cultural changes needed to achieve gender equality. for the future: building leadership skills in young women, caron m, sport information resource centre (sirc), canada, blog posted 20 january 2016. barriers to sports participation among girls and women have been attributed to sociological and cultural influences. hybridity: a conceptualization of how sport for development and peace organizations respond to divergent institutional demands. respondents were asked to rate the importance of a range of issues in promoting the involvement and participation of females in sport. this may be due to the relevance of sport in their lives, or to the great difference between the girls' sport performance and that of elite athletes. & coaching report card: london 2012 olympics (pdf - 680 kb), 6th iwg world conference on women and sport, helsinki, finland (june 2014). my way is funded through vichealth’s changing the game: increasing female participation in sport program.‘strong women, deep closets – lesbians and homophobia in sport’, griffin p, human kinetics, champaign, illinois (1998).. more information about participation can be found in the portfolio, sport participation in australia.

    Clearinghouse : Sexuality and Gender Perspectives on Sports Ethics

    out to play: the sports experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (lgbt) people in victoria (pdf  - 834 kb), symons c, sbaraglia m, hillier l, and mitchell a, vichealth (2010). in sport and why it’s different for women, warby d, blog (posted 17 february 2014). this factsheet lists the year women were included in various olympic games sports and discusses the role of the ioc women in sport commission.  sports participation becomes one of many lifestyle choices influenced by a complex interaction of factors. the influence of gender on adolescent girls' choice of sport role models (pdf - 95 kb), adriaanse j, and crosswhite j, women's studies international forum, university of technology, sydney, january 2008. it also aims to ensure that everyone involved in the sport is aware of his or her legal and ethical rights and responsibilities. the most popular sports for girls were netball, swimming, gymnastics, football (soccer) and basketball. policy and organizational change: a contextual approach (pdf  - 227 kb), skirstad b, sport management review, volume 12 (2009). suggested strategies for increasing women’s involvement in intercollegiate coaching, officiating and administration included: (1) market coaching, officiating, and sports administration as viable career option for women; (2) make practical experiences known to aspiring career oriented women; (3) increase in-service training opportunities for women; (4) create networking and communication opportunities to connect with successful women in the field; (5) develop mentoring programs, and; (6) encourage institutions to look at their hiring practices and procedures. past research suggests that sport can be a challenging place for same-sex-attracted and gender diverse (ssagd) young people. handbook on sport, gender and sexuality, hargreaves j and anderson e (editors), routledge, london and new york (2014).'s perceived access to elite coaching positions in australian sport, fox c, master of arts thesis, victoria university of technology, department of human movement, recreation, and performance (1997). olympic committee consensus statement: harassment and abuse (non-accidental violence) in sport, mountjoy m, brackenridge c, arrington m, et. despite the high number of young males who participate in canadian sport, the issue of sexual abuse among male athletes has been mainly overlooked. the ioc women and sport awards were introduced in 2000 to recognise the outstanding achievements and contributions of those who promote gender equality in sport. impact of homophobic bullying during sport and physical education participation on same-sex-attracted and gender-diverse young australians’ depression and anxiety levels (pdf  - 805 kb), symons c, o’sullivan g,  borkoles e, andersen m and polman r, institute for sport, exercise and active living (iseal), victoria university (2014). naming australia's 20th-century leading women performers in sport is a difficult task because there are so many of note. equity in sport: proposal for strategic action 2014-2020 (pdf  - 1. grounded in research and theory, this user-friendly book emphasises the practical applications of research findings and provides relevant sport-related examples. in sport: guidelines for the australian sporting industry, (pdf  - 950 kb), australian sports commission (2002). 250 television journalists reported on male sport, while only 82 journalists reported on female sport. report of the government’s women and sport advisory board (pdf + 1. women participated in non-organised activities much more than they did in organised activities/sport.. sport participation – participants were involved in a variety of sports and physical activities, only small numbers had no involvement in sport. overall, 87% of adults participated in some form of sport or physical activity during the previous 12 months.% of australian adults, 15 years and older, engaged in organised sport as a participant; the organised sport participation by gender was 28. information can be found in the clearinghouse for sport portfolio, cultural diversity in sport. information about child protection legislation and practices in sport can be found in the clearinghouse for sport portfolio, child protection in sport. playing, stay playing: a plan to increase and enhance sport and active recreation opportunities for women and girls (pdf  - 2. fear of homophobia may influence choices of what subjects to study, what sports to play, and ways of interacting with other males and displays of emotion. the legislation makes it unlawful to discriminate against actual or potential users of services on grounds of their sexual orientation or gender identity and this applies not only to national governing bodies of sport, but also to all sports clubs with more than 25 members. this study focused on attitudes and sexual prejudice as part of a larger project on inclusive practice in sport and physical activity settings. an extension of the benchmarking program into the australian sport sector is the pride in sport index™ (psi) that was launched in 2016 and will be operational at the national/state sporting organisation (nso/ssos) level by the end of the year.’s desire to take a position on transgender student access to participate on single-sex sport teams has been a source of speculation. more institutions, coaching associations, and sport governing organisations adopt inclusive non-discriminatory policies and implement educational programs for staff and athletes, the climate will change. into women and girls in sport and active recreation: a five year game plan for victoria (pdf  - 918 kb), government of victoria, women in sport and recreation taskforce (november 2015). in response to the interim court of arbitration for sport (cas) award dated 24 july 2015 in the case chand v afi and iaaf cas 2014/a/3759, the ioc consensus meeting recommended that rules should be in place for the protection of women in sport and the promotion of the principles of fair competition. analysis of the data suggests that the following are significant in advancing gender equality in sport governance: (1) the adoption of quotas is an effective organisational strategy in achieving gender parity; (2) the occupation of women in power positions is fundamental to exercising power and authority in the decision-making of boards; (3) recognition and understanding of the organisational and governance dynamics in producing the board's gendered composition – rather than women themselves – is critical to the advancement of gender equality; (4) cooperative and collaborative behaviours that exist between men and women on a board are critical – hostility by men on boards towards women's presence and participation will undermine gender equal governance.  programs targeting the participation of women in the sport and recreation industry would be considered through the csrdp. the play by the rules website contains information and resources to help everyone in sport (i.  first, the interdependent relationship of mainstream media and certain sports; and second, the ‘gendering’ of sport and media. the authors contend that heterosexism and homophobia work together to marginalise sporting women. and recreation services offers financial assistance through the community sport and recreation development program (csrdp) to eligible organisations for outcome based projects, programs and initiatives to support participation in active lifestyles through the delivery of quality programs and services for the benefit of all the canberra community. management of images projected to consumer audiences is a key task for sport service organisations; however, the number of “touch points” (interactions between employees and consumers) adds complexity. the (wo)man: why women’s sport is still all about sex appeal, hughes a, the conversation (21 july 2011). several forms of gender-based violence in sport were considered: verbal, non-verbal, physical abuse and sexual harassment. in this spirit, the ioc consensus meeting agreed the following guidelines need to be taken into account by sport organisations when determining eligibility to compete in male and female competition. a total of 8900 athletes, 1475 coaches, 1107 sports administrators, and 1127 officials were surveyed. tested, gender verified: controlling female sexuality in the age of containment, ritchie i, sport history review, volume 34, issue 1 (2003). information can be found in the clearinghouse for sport portfolio, cultural diversity in sport. chapter 7 ‘advancing gender equality through sport’ identifies policy priorities for governments and states that gender equality underpins major development goals, including ensuring education for all, improving child and maternal health, and combating disease. a number of national sporting organisations have lent their support to this campaign. homophobia in sport and coaching: understanding the everyday experiences of lesbian coaches (abstract), norman l, international review for the sociology of sport, volume 47, number 6 (2012). management review celebrates 20 years of publishing research, and this milestone provides an opportunity to reflect on sport consumer research and offer possible directions for scholarship. this report cites a number of studies in european countries that indicate sport is still gendered, with male and female domains, where women seem more willing to enter male spheres of influence. limitations placed upon adolescent girls restrain them from fulfilling their potential, leaving them generally less educated, less healthy, and less likely than their male counterparts to engage in sport. brackenridge draws upon research and literature from an array of social scientific disciplines including sociology, clinical psychology, criminology; and feminist, cultural, social and policy studies. and hegemony theorizing are used to explicate how sport and its ancillary organizations and occupations have managed to reproduce its masculinized nature despite the gains of second wave feminism. for example, the lack of women coaches to create a gender friendly and safe sport environment, lack of interest from decision making boards that are dominated by men, and lack of sustainable gender equality policies leading to concrete changes. information can be found in the clearinghouse for sport portfolio, sexuality and gender perspectives on sport ethics. and hegemony theorizing are used to explicate how sport and its ancillary organizations and occupations have managed to reproduce its masculinized nature despite the gains of second wave feminism. this is a national campaign developed and supported by sport england and its partner organisations. by: dr caroline symons, college of sport and exercise science, victoria university (may 2016).  (3) less than half of the eu member states make explicit reference to forms of gender-based violence in sport in their policy frameworks.  three sports and their programs were examined in detail: football (just play), badminton (no strings) and athletics (run england); participants and coaches in these sports formed the basis for the research conducted. since sexuality is pervasive in a wider social context, to sell everything from food to automobiles, some people see this as a legitimate means of exposure for a sport and self-promotion of the athlete. information can be found in the clearinghouse for sport portfolio, role models and sport. transgender people face multiple exclusions in sport, and these exclusions involve rejection of the transgender body and abjectification of transgender participants. is beyond doubt that sport can be a site of discrimination on the basis of someone’s (known or assumed) sexuality or gender identity. however, when their role model came from the sporting domain the percentage of female role models decreased. branding in sport: a model for communicating brand identity through musical fit. sporting codes response to anti-homophobia, inclusion framework (pdf  - 487 kb), 2015. (pdf  - 222 kb), hughson s, kilpatrick a, paton m and simms d, briefing paper for the australian sports commission (2000). the overall under-representation of persons with disability in sport may be further compounded by gender related barriers.• 84% of all survey respondents said homophobic jokes occur ‘all the time, often, or sometimes’ in a sporting environment. we believe that everyone should be able to participate in, and enjoy sport, whoever they are and whatever their background and as such we commit to encouraging and supporting current and future generations of fans, officials, volunteers, coaches, staff and participants from all communities to join the sporting family. the report contains a review of literature, results of survey and interview research conducted in scotland, identification of problems, and proposed solutions. the chief executive officers of peak representative bodies: australian rugby; national rugby league; australian football league; football federation australia; and cricket australia; have committed their organisations to the development and implementation of policies and international best practices to eradicate homophobia from these sports. in addition, 36% of women over 50 years-of-age were interested or very interested in sport. safe: assessing the risk of sexual abuse to elite child athletes, brackenridge c and kirby s, international review for the sociology of sport, volume 32, number 4 (1997). post-social conceptual framework for exploring object narratives in sport organisations. grants increase the opportunities for athletes, coaches, officials, sports leaders and volunteers in activities such as professional development or attendance at representative competitions in nsw. community sport still has a long way to go in making itself accessible to lgbt people. this article also outlines the challenges faced by federations and sports clubs in implementing comprehensive policies that deal with sexual abuse issues. the number of girls in high school sports increased dramatically because of title ix. the study also examined the relationship between media coverage, sports participation, and gender role socialisation with the typing of sports as masculine or feminine. organisation, women in sport, believes that ngbs must broaden their focus from simply improving the gender diversity of their board, to addressing diversity across their entire organisation.

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  • Integrity in Sport Literature Review

    Gender in sport literature review

Gender in sport literature review-Clearinghouse : Women's Sport


The Evolution of Gender Equality in Intercollegiate Sports

mb), tomlinson a and yorganci i, journal of sport & social issues, volume 21, issue 2 (1997). this report reveals that despite some positive developments in a handful of sports, women’s sport in the uk still accounts for only 0.  however, there are aspects of the religion which affect how sports can be practised by women. athletes, women's sport, and the sport media commercial complex: have we really “come a long way, baby”? institutions are not prohibited from promulgating policies that condition or restrict transgender access to participate in single-sex sports of the transgender student’s identity when those policies are age-appropriate. gambling providers (cgps) have recently intensified the promotion of their products and services through sport sponsorship. the initiative is designed to increase the number of women in leadership roles within the sport and recreation sector. the canadian centre for ethics in sport (cces) has published a position statement on the misuse of physical punishment in sport. however, recent evidence indicates that this trend is much slower in the sport sector., physical activity & lgbt: a study by pride sports for sport england (pdf  - 3. sport can serve as either a positive facilitator for inclusion, or reflect the prejudices that divide society. this report presents a number of key findings concerning the gender bias in sports media coverage. the psi is the first and only benchmarking instrument specifically designed to assess the inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex (lgbti) people within australian sport and sporting organisations. it focuses upon the following themes: (1) benefits of sports and physical activities; (2) patterns of girls’ participation; (3) influences on girls’ participation, and; (4) examples of innovative practices.  due to religious misinterpretations or simply a lack of awareness, many muslim women face barriers to sports participation.’s sports coverage: online images of the 2008 olympic games (pdf  - 110 kb), jones d, australian journalism review, volume 32, number 2 (2010). million females who participated in sport and physical recreation in the 12 months prior to the survey, over half (55% or 3.’s participation in sport is influenced in a multitude of ways, both positively and negatively, directly and indirectly, internally and externally, and intentionally or unintentionally. grooming process in sport: narratives of sexual harassment and abuse (pdf  - 329 kb), brackenridge c and fasting k (2004). analysis of data from the 2013-14 abs multi-purpose household survey (mphs), participation in sport and physical recreation module, provides detail about persons aged 15-years and over who participated in a sport or physical recreation activity at least once during the 12 months prior to interview. this article discusses the specific case of transgender players in men’s netball in new zealand as a case study example of emerging issues surrounding transgender athletes’ participation in sport more broadly. the marketing of women in sport in australia in 2011 is simple – sex sells. influence of gender-role socialization, media use and sports participation on perceptions of gender-appropriate sports (pdf  - 1. diversity in the board of directors of sport organisations and opportunities for leadership roles among women, with the target of gender parity. the content of this article was presented by danielle warby at queer thinking: out in sport as part of the 2014 sydney gay and lesbian mardi gras festival. it is the first comprehensive survey of the lgbt sport experience in australia and provides rich insight through closed and open ended responses into the sporting lives, passions, rewards and challenges of these sports participants, supporters, volunteers and workers. impact of gender quotas on gender equality in sport governance (pdf  - 147 kb), adriaanse j, and schofield t, journal of sport management, volume 28 (2014). although these factors seemed to impact gender typing for some sports by degrees, overall findings suggest that traditional gender-typing of sports persists. this report is intended to increase awareness about the experiences of women and girls, and how psycho-social factors influence female athlete development, leadership and life-long participation in sport and physical activity. this research is framed within social learning and gender theory and is aimed at identifying the characteristics of a sports role model for female adolescents. this is, in part, a reflection of the fact that male sport tends to spill over into the mainstream news. also, it states that people of one gender aged 12 and over can be excluded from participating in competitive sporting activities in which the strength, stamina and physique of competitors is relevant. in addition, this report addresses the gender gap in earnings between male and female athletes in the same sport, sponsorships and other earnings were not included;  two case studies — football (soccer) and cricket, are provided. ministerial advisory committee on women and girls in sport and recreation was established in march 2013 to provide advice to the queensland minister for national parks, recreation, sport and racing on how the government can improve women’s and girls’ lifelong participation in sport and active recreation. this study examined the relationship between stigma consciousness and sport participation in gender-typed sports (i. first-person inquiry, we explore the use of reflexive practice as a means of self-study in community sport management research. in the video, which johnston called ''the reality of homophobia in sport'' he explains why he has waited until retiring from sport to make his announcement and in part to let young gay athletes know that they are not alone. this report reviews the existing research and reports on the issues affecting lgbt participation in sport and physical activity. the organisation’s mission is to provide advocacy for girls and women in sports through targeted efforts toward equality, accountability, and transparency among institutions providing (or not providing) sporting opportunities for girls and women.” the answer for the wnba was a resounding “yes” with the best record in professional sports.  latest consumer research suggests that traditional formal sport, as offered by sports clubs, does not appeal to the majority of women and that there is a need for more informal or social based sports programs. the last quarter century has seen a dramatic movement of girls and women into sport, but this social change is reflected unevenly in sports media.. policies, guidelines and social research) that seek to equalise sporting opportunities for both genders, and in particular address the disadvantages faced by girls and women. however, the comparatively favourable tone of media coverage of women’s sport may be a double-edged sword, as it also reflects a view that female athletes need to win in order to secure media coverage, whereas male athletes are discussed in media regardless of their success. field of sport for development (sfd) has been criticised for the way that evidence has been produced and used to account for and demonstrate the perceived success of sfd programmes. compelling reasons why sports should work with women and girls, women’s sport and fitness foundation (wsff), published online. it may also be the case that journalists are better equipped and commissioned to report on male sports. this report states that sport can break down barriers in ways that other areas of society can struggle to match, by encouraging participation, integration and diversity. branding in sport: a model for communicating brand identity through musical fit. it should be noted that these results are only valid for distance running; transgender women are generally taller and somewhat larger, on average, than 46xx women and this may present some potential advantage in other sports.. an independent, non-government, member-based organisation that advocates and supports a sport, active recreation and health agenda. prominent australian gay sporting stars are considered noteworthy not because they are typical, but because their sexuality makes them exceptional in the face of prevailing sporting stereotypes. women win is committed to not just telling stories of girls' sport achievement and the impact those stories have, but helping build the skill and leadership of girls to tell their own story. the many reasons for this gender gap between men’s and women’s participation rates in sport can be grouped into practical, personal and social and cultural domains. male sport, on the other hand, occupied 81% of television news reporting and 86% of non-news programming. this framework provides a foundation for the development of a more inclusive and diverse sporting culture in australia. volume of sports coverage of female athletes compared to male athletes offers disproportionate exposure to male sporting activities on australian television, despite the ongoing successes of australian women in international sport. this report proposes strategic action to ensure that sport is attractive to all, but pays particular attention to girls and women, whatever age or background, so that they can participate, work, govern and enjoy sport, in a safe and secure environment. of discrimination and harassment within sport in australia have included verbal and physical abuse, as well as exclusion and silencing tactics. in sport coaching and officiating accreditation, dickson s, project undertaken in partnership between the university of new england, school of education, and the australian sports commission (2001). the world of contemporary sport it is commonly claimed that at its elite end at least, sport's management is complex because the product it delivers to participants and fans is so idiosyncratic. this has been driven by some major societal and cultural changes around the world, and the increasing participation of women in sport.-assess government funding for sport participation and programming to better target underserved and high-need populations. however, there are significant differences between the issues of transgender and homophobia in sport. use of physical punishment of children and youth in sport and recreation (pdf - 445 kb), position statement, canadian centre for ethics in sport (2013). many women are still unable to find the right environment in which to develop their full potential, and in some european countries women lag seriously behind men in access to sport. this study explored the extent to which female sports journalists were subjected to harassment in the workplace. field of sport-for-development (sfd) has experienced significant growth and increased academic rigor over the past 15 years. as women win grows, it continues to develop new tools, open source guidelines, grassroot approaches, and ways to promote sport as a strategy to empower adolescent girls. mb), johnstone l and millar s, canadian association for the advancement of women and sport and physical activity (2012). of gender justice: untested feasibility on the football fields of brazil (abstract) knijnik j, journal of sport and social issues, volume 37, number 1 (2013). management of images projected to consumer audiences is a key task for sport service organisations; however, the number of “touch points” (interactions between employees and consumers) adds complexity. the new policy removes the need to undergo gender-reassignment surgery to compete (as per the 2003 stockholm consensus on sex reassignment in sports). every year, the ioc invites each national olympic committee, international federation and continental association to nominate a person or association active in promoting gender equality and the presence of women in their sport or country. browse the list of names in the sport australia hall of fame (sahof) and one can see a roll call of household names, women who are not just legends of world sport but important to australia's sense of itself as a sporting nation. on organizational justice in sport has evolved during the past fifteen years. for non-news programming in the sydney market, abc1 and abc2 were the only stations with more female sport than male sport coverage by duration. of the current dominant theories in the management literature is institutional theory. comparison of the proportion of women board members with the proportion of women who participate in each of the sports investigated suggests that women's representation remains low and men still hold the majority of senior and influential positions on boards. many sports make it unacceptable to discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation or for spectators to vilify people with homophobic abuse at games, just as they have done for racial, gender and disability-based vilification and discrimination.  with almost 50% of girls aged 5 to 14 not participating in sport outside of school hours, learning how to engage with this market has long term benefits for your sport. the implications for physical education and sport in schools and tertiary institutions were dramatic. affordability – reducing costs of participation in sporting competition and events;. within norwegian sports there is zero tolerance for discrimination and harassment, irrespective of gender, ethnic background, religious faith, sexual orientation and disability., an estimated 60% of the adult population (age 15-years and older) reported that they had participated in some form of sport or physical recreation; participation rate by gender was 61% (males) and 59% (females). this power-point presentation is intended to educate persons working in sport about issues related to sexual identity, and make sport a safe place for lesbian and gay athletes and coaches.  the ceos reported that relationship building, stakeholder management, self-awareness and sense of judgement were most important to being successful in the sports industry.

Sports betting research: literature review

  the post-trauma symptoms can exhibit themselves as, but are not limited to, eating disorders, problems forming relationships, and early dropout from sport. who participated in sports at school were three times more likely to be interested in sports throughout their life. girls and manly men: children's stigma consciousness of gender in sports and physical activities, schmalz d and kerstetter d, journal of leisure research, volume 38, number 4 (2006). ioc consensus statement: harassment and abuse (non-accidental violence) in sport, mountjoy m, brackenridge c, arrington m, et. eu holds regular conferences on gender equality in sport, the most recent eu conference on gender equity in sport was held in december 2013 in vilnius, lithuania. measures include strengthening child protection systems; increasing awareness and strengthening the protective role of parents, teachers, coaches and others caregivers as well as the media; developing and implementing standards for the protection and well-being of children in sports; implementing sport for development and other international programmes and initiatives; and improving data collection and research to develop an evidence-base of ‘what works’. clearinghouse for sport is a sector-wide knowledge sharing initiative, and as such your contributions are encouraged and appreciated. tone of coverage of female sport (in general) was more favourable than the tone used to describe some male sports, both in year-round coverage and reporting on the olympics. participation – participants were involved in a variety of sports and physical activities, only small numbers had no involvement in sport.  vicsport has an active presence on issues involving women's participation in sport. this is a global organisation connecting the global sport network with sport for international development and women's movements. sexism, racism and bullying can occur in any number of sporting codes. this reinforces the male dominance of sporting culture in australia. a study of gender inequities among european union countries looked at each country’s ability to meet the eu’s ‘sport for all charter’. this refers to both the technical quality (deploying ample game footage, graphics, music, and interviews to accompany a story) and to the quality of the sports reporter’s verbal presentation (including amplifying the enthusiasm in reporting women’s sports to a level on the excitement meter that is equivalent with the usual presentation of men’s sports).  clubs, not-for-profit organisations and local government entities that provide sport and recreation opportunities may apply to the ‘minor grants’ program that provides 0 to ,000 for projects.• 62% of all survey respondents, and 73% of gay respondents, believed homophobia is more common in team sports than in other environments. major professional sporting codes (afl, ffa, aru, nrl and ca) have listed their programs and promotions that respond to homophobia in sport. faultlines are created: exploring the conflict triggering process in sport. it provides some questions and strategies for sporting organisations to consider when promoting women’s sport.. sporting cultures – participants in this study who did not disclose their sexuality described the sporting environment as being unsafe, unpredictable, isolating and intimidating. of sexual harassment in sport (pdf  - 70 kb), pre-publication copy published online april 2002, fasting k, brackenridge c and walseth k, journal of sexual aggression, volume 8, number 2, p. any individuals undergoing or who have undergone sex reassignment from male-to-female after puberty are eligible for participation in female competitions and eligible to hold an australian women’s handicap under the following conditions: (1) surgical anatomical changes have been completed, including external genitalia changes and gonadectomy; (2) legal recognition of their assigned sex has been conferred by the appropriate government authorities, and; (3) hormonal therapy appropriate for the assigned sex has been administered in a verifiable manner and for a sufficient length of time (as determined by the medical delegate) to minimise gender-related advantages in sport competitions. sport, as a reflection of our wider society, is not an industry shared equally between men and women and gender inequity remains firmly entrenched, particularly at the leadership and governance level of most sports. athletic nudity: the sexualization of sport as a sign of a ‘porno-ization’ of culture, jirasek i, kohe g and hurych e, sport in society: cultures, commerce, media, politics, volume 16, issue 6 (2013). the report cites research indicating that if a canadian girl has not yet participated in a sport by the age of 10, there is only a 10% chance that she will be physically active (i. with local government, amanda spalding, sport and recreation nsw, sports talks (20/05/2013) (available to clearinghouse member groups b and c). some of the key findings include:• 73% of survey respondents believe youth sport is not safe and welcoming for lgb people. some female athletes deliberately capitalise on this blending of sex and sports, in an effort to promote themselves as well as their sport. second, present women’s sports stories in ways roughly equivalent in quality with the typical presentation of men’s sports.  to understand the changing dynamics and the role that women play and how they shape the sport industry, interviews were conducted with twelve women leaders who represent different parts of the global sport system, their experiences cover the public, private, and social sectors. girls and women of all ages and backgrounds face prolific structural and behavioural hurdles to maintaining roles as sport participants and sport leaders. this is very much an action learning approach as the sport of hockey has learned from trying new approaches. the project also highlighted opportunities to do better, thereby making sport safer and more inclusive. the declaration cannot be changed, for sporting purposes, for a minimum of four years. where women played traditionally ‘masculine’ team sports (such as rugby), whole teams of players were perceived as lesbian and were often subjected to verbal abuse regardless of the individual participants’ sexual identity. in sport, government of the united kingdom; culture, media and sport committee of parliament report (2017). takeover or joint venture: connections between institutional theory and sport management research. tables identifying the changes (from 2014 to 2016) in the representation of women on national sports boards in the two focus countries (i. engaged: a policy on sport for women and girls, government of canada, department of canadian heritage (2009).> knowledge base > sport participation  > sport integrity > sexuality and gender perspectives on sports ethics. among women under 50 years-of-age, 48% were interested or very interested in sport, compared to 69% of men under 50. the authors explore the use of homophobic words in the context of boys’ sports. evidence suggests that from an early age, differences in gender-based attitudes towards, and opportunities for, sports and physical activities can have a significant influence on children’s participation. majority of studies on sexual harassment/abuse in sport have investigated relationships between male coaches and underage female athletes. a sport experience design (sx) framework for sport consumer behaviour research. the australian sports commission provides a coach’s code of behaviour as a template that many sports have used to promulgate sport specific guidelines. playing, stay playing - appendix: a summary of the evidence and stakeholder insights into women’s and girls’ participation in sport and active recreation (pdf  - 968 kb). the risks and solutions have been presented generically and anonymously, with a view to providing helpful insight to help sport leaders. seven key principles for program providers are discussed: (1) change the offer to suit the women being targeted, listen to marketing and customer experiences of women; (2) don’t just talk about sport, consider how to present and explain the intended experience; (3) differentiate sport from other interests by promoting (not preaching) the benefits; (4) make sport the ‘norm’ for women of all ages, sizes, and cultural backgrounds by celebrating it; (5) use positivity and encouragement to drive action (rather than fear of the consequences of a sedentary lifestyle); (6) make it easy for women to act, address both practical and emotional barriers to participation, and; (7) remember that people make or break the experience, ensure participants are properly supported along the way. dca has reviewed a range of the latest research on leadership and concluded that many programs aimed at increasing the representation of women are failing to deliver results. people and sport guideline (pdf  - 540 kb), victorian equal opportunity & human rights commission (2015). in the event that the gender of a competing athlete is questioned, a medical committee or delegate of the relevant sporting body shall have the authority to take all appropriate measures for the determination of the gender of a competitor. faultlines are created: exploring the conflict triggering process in sport. (pdf  - 118 kb), government of south australia, office of recreation and sport (2016). at its best, sport can provide many personal and social benefits. davis p and edwards l, sport, ethics and philosophy, volume 8, number 1 (2014). athletes share their stories in this powerful public service announcement by team canada (canadian olympic team) exploring and promoting lgbtq inclusion in sport.. heterosexuality) is generally discouraged in sport, particularly in team sports. gambling providers (cgps) have recently intensified the promotion of their products and services through sport sponsorship. this study focused on attitudes and sexual prejudice as part of a larger project on inclusive practice in sport and physical activity settings. in sport and physical recreation, australia, 2013-14, australian bureau of statistics, catalogue number 4177. the promotion of women in sport has been identified by the australian government as a key focus area for the future development of sport in australia., in six key television markets (usa, india, brazil, france, germany and australia), 69% of men and 43% of women were interested in watching sport on tv. overall, female athletes received far fewer photographs than male athletes and coverage was heavily tilted towards three types of sports – swimming, athletics and basketball; limiting the opportunity for portrayals of successful female athletes in other olympic sports.  sharp's mission is to lead research that enhances the scope, experience, and sustainability of participation in sport, play, and movement for women and girls; and to leverage this research to better inform public opinion, advocacy, and policy implementation to enable more women and girls to be active, healthy, and successful. the women's sport and fitness foundation in the united kingdom has collated information from surveys, interviews, and other research projects to group the various factors that act as barriers into three domains; practical, personal, and socio-cultural. takeover or joint venture: connections between institutional theory and sport management research. this research helps to establish the proportion of media exposure dedicated to women’s sport in australia in both traditional and new media platforms. sports clubs face a significant challenge in overcoming the negative perceptions that prevent women from being drawn to them. people and sport: guidance for sporting bodies (pdf  - 108 kb), department of culture, media and sport (sport division) and uk sport (2005). management review celebrates 20 years of publishing research, and this milestone provides an opportunity to reflect on sport consumer research and offer possible directions for scholarship. within the european union, the majority of country reports note that homophobia in sport is present in a number of sport contexts and that there are significant challenges related to being an openly lgbt person in sport. women are not traditionally associated with leadership roles in sport, and the culture of sport is often a space where males are in positions of power. in this way, what was learnt has helped all levels of the sport to make better decisions. participation in sport is supposed to enhance an individual’s mental, physical and spiritual health and “bring out the best in us”. research commissioned by the australian sports commission (asc) and conducted by colmar brunton social research during 2010 sought to identify ethical and integrity issues within australian sport and provide a better understanding of the incidence, prevalence and impact of these issues in the australian sports system. many members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (lgbt) community have viewed the gay games as an opportunity to challenge dominant ideologies concerning sexuality and sport participation. this policy recognises that the contributions of actively engaged women and girls are critical to realizing the objectives of the canadian sport policy and for achieving results for canadians. years of denial, most sporting organisations have recognised that sexual harassment and abuse has no place in sport. building in nonprofit sport organizations: development of a process model. commercial investment in sport and the media coverage it receives are inextricably linked; brands are looking for profile and media outlets need exciting competitions and events in packed sporting arenas to make for spectacular viewing and reporting. and gays in sport, recommendations 1635 of the european union parliamentary assembly (2003). is used as a laboratory for character and talent development; several of the women interviewed pointed out the role that sport had in cultivating empathy, resilience, and fostering a drive for learning and taking on challenges. hockey victoria collaborated with hockey australia, the australian sports commission, the victorian equal opportunity and human rights commission, and la trobe university to implement the program. of familiarity with sporting clubs and environments and available services and activities. the review looked at published material in four areas: (1) negative attitudes, behaviours and values that influence the integrity of sport; (2) the circumstances in which negative attitudes prevail; (3) key drivers or influences on integrity issues, and; (4) the progress, programs and key factors that influence positive behaviours that enhance the integrity of sport.

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structural and cultural forces that impede girls/women’s participation include: a culture and history of sport that is male dominated; negative perceptions and stereotyping of girls in sport; the quality and quantity of media coverage of women’s sport, and; exposure of women’s sport via all sources of media. can play, play by the rules - an anti-homophobia in sport initiative supported by play by the rules. this consensus statement extends the 2007 ioc consensus statement on sexual harassment and abuse in sport, presenting additional evidence of several other types of harassment and abuse—psychological, physical and neglect. of sports programs, facilities, and organizations can have a role in promoting health through physical activity participation. this book provides a comprehensive understanding of the ways in which people differ--including race, sex, age, mental and physical ability, appearance, religion, sexual orientation, and social class--and how these differences can influence sport organisations. report of the government’s women and sport advisory board (pdf  - 4. addition, the network of state institutes and academies of sport present annual awards to outstanding sportswomen within their jurisdictions. the purpose of this guidance is to assist national governing bodies of sport (ngbs) in determining what steps they can take to provide an inclusive environment that is supporting and welcoming to transsexual people. women are consistently under-represented at the higher management levels in new zealand sports organisations as is the case internationally. the book is divided into two major sections – the first section serves as an introduction and critical review of the empirical and theoretical research conducted to date; the second offers the reader a critical outline and analysis of policy and practice., gender differences exist in the rate of sports participation and opportunities for physical activity, within sports (participants, coaches, officials, administrators and board members), across age categories, and in most population sub-groups. information about sport and physical recreation participation (both organised and non-organised) can be found in the clearinghouse for sport portfolio, sport participation in australia. sex integration in equestrian sport, dashper k, asia-pacific journal of health, sport and physical education, volume 3, number 3 (2012). of sexual and gender minorities in sports and exercise (pdf  - 851 kb), kokkonen m, national sports council, finland, (2014). the handbook gives examples of good practice in working with both young people and adults to tackle homophobia in sport and to create more inclusive and tolerant sporting environments in which all lgbt athletes can flourish. this paper is based on a case study of the general assembly of sports in norway that examines the implications of gender policy on the imbalance between the number of female and male board members in sport organisations over more than three decades. in sport and why it’s different for women, warby d, blog (posted 17 february 2014). and age inequalities in regular sports competition: a cross-national study of 25 european countries (abstract), vantuyckom c, scheerder j, and bracke p, journal of sports sciences, volume 28, number 10 (2010). 2003, an ad-hoc committee convened by the ioc medical commission met to discuss and issue of gender reassignment and make recommendations regarding the sports participation of individuals who have undergone sex reassignment (male to female and converse). women in sport and recreation in australia, australian government, department of health (october 2012). this book covers current issues, debates and new understanding on women and sport. research has helped us to understand two basic elements of the issues: first, the behaviour of abuse perpetrators and the consequences of abuse for victims; and secondly, the extent and impact of safeguarding policies in sport. national basketball association racial and gender report card, institute for diversity and ethics in sport (tides), university of central florida (july 2015). by: women sport australia - the national peak body for women playing and leading in sport (march 2016). reports are available for national results of the survey, and broken-down for state/territory jurisdictions, as well as by sport. book review appearing in sociology of sport journal, volume 19, number 3 (2002). victorian schools will soon have to follow strict new participation guidelines aimed at tackling discrimination against transgender students in sport. this article puts forward the argument that current international olympic committee (ioc) policy is unsustainable because: (1) the testosterone-performance connection it posits is not compelling; (2) testosterone-induced female advantage is not ipso facto unfair advantage; (3) the policy reflects the gender policing impulses endemic to sport as well as the broader cultural impulses to monstrify women and to doctor women who have nothing wrong with them; (4) female–male performance disparities are not the only reason for sex-segregated sport, but co-exist with respectable cultural and practical reasons, which; (5) provide a powerful case for allowing athletes to compete in the sex category congruent with their gender identity. mb), brunette m and o’reilly n, canadian association for the advancement of women and sport and physical activity (2016). this study provided insights from 1,121 australian women 'masters sport' competitors on their motivations, challenges, needs, and issues faced in their decision to continue playing sport.  for example, evidence suggests that gender stereotypes contribute to young women dropping out of sport participation because women in sport are often seen as being non-feminine women (usually labelled as lesbian, regardless of their own sexual identity). the participation statistics for organised sport are much lower than participation in ‘sport (i. guidelines – participation of pregnant athletes in collision sports (pdf - 20 kb). this article examines the state of gender policies in sport in relation to transsexual rights legislation and gender identity activism. the wlis grant program (formally known as sport leadership grants and scholarships for women) is an australian government initiative that is managed by the australian sports commission in partnership with the australian government office for women. a number of guidelines have been published to assist sport organisations in developing policies and practices for transgender participants that will help to make sport more inclusive. individual hurdles that must be overcome include: competing demand for time; lack of interest in sport participation; lack of parental and peer support, and; lack of financial resources allocated to girls/women’s sport. sport is a highly gendered environment and elite sports rarely involve mixed gender play. a survey of cultural diversity and racism in australian sport (pdf  - 2. the review looked at published material in four areas: (1) negative attitudes, behaviours and values that influence the integrity of sport; (2) the circumstances in which negative attitudes prevail; (3) key drivers or influences on integrity issues, and; (4) the progress, programs and key factors that influence positive behaviours that enhance the integrity of sport. some in australia's soccer community are hoping this historic win will reignite the debate about how little media coverage women's sport gets and the huge pay gap that remains between male and female athletes. this canadian not-for-profit organisation was founded in 2005, with the aim of supporting initiatives that keep girls active and involved in sports and physical activity into their teens. this includes a declaration on the equal treatment of heterosexuals, gays, lesbians and bisexuals in sport. sport is often seen as an activity that can be a great leveller or agent for social change, but this is not always the case. most recent report by the canadian association for the advancement of women and sport and physical activity (caaws) has raised great concern that; despite more than two decades of active campaigning for greater representation and recognition of canadian women’s sport; the participation figures remain alarmingly low.  this report contains examples from asia and africa of innovative projects that have sought to facilitate girls’ and women’s participation in physical education and sport. the results showed that media coverage of women in sport is treated very differently from that of men. [note: text in english and welsh] sport wales has a vision to create a thriving lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (lgbt) sporting community within wales, where individuals feel welcome, safe and free from discrimination. this paper explores the relationship between adolescent girls and their sport role models with a particular focus on gender. the coaches all spoke about their technical skills, not surprisingly, because sport is all about technique, tactics, and training. diversity south australian state sporting organisations: how does your sport rate? the media focus on male athlete behaviour stems from an acknowledgment of them as sporting professionals, and often role models, in a way that was not as apparent in the coverage of female athletes. these figures exist despite a pre-sydney 2000 olympic games target set by the international olympic committee to achieve a minimum of 20% women on all boards of olympic sports by 2005. a study conducted by the university of new england, ‘advancement in sport coaching and officiating accreditation’ identifies many gender inequities, but states that substantive reasons for the over representation of male coaches and officials are not clear. this factsheet focuses on the reasons for the under-representation of women in coaching and suggests steps that governing bodies of sport, national agencies and women themselves can take to address this. although sexism in sport is commonly associated with damaging outcomes to women, the women participating in this study had more success in sport than the men, and this was a critical factor in shaping attitudes.• despite many ssagd youth thriving in sport and pe settings, homophobia and transphobia communicates to them that ‘they are not welcome here’, which can prevent them from enjoying the many physical, mental and social health benefits of participation and to maintain lifelong participation. this document is a supplement to the canadian sport for life (cs4l) foundation documents, and complements other long-term athlete development (ltad) resources. image, a report on the media coverage and portrayal of women's sport in australia 1996  (pdf  - 4. caaws has prepared this paper to initiate a discussion about homophobia in sport and views it as a first step in a comprehensive strategy to reduce homophobia in canadian sport and to make sport an inclusive and safe place for all participants. globalization and technology have transformed the sport industry over the past decade, leading to new ways of experiencing and consuming sport, and new opportunities and pathways to the top. to prevent sexual harassment and abuse in sports (pdf  - 231 kb), norwegian olympic and paralympic committee and confederation of sports (2010). just wanna have fun: understanding perceptions of effective strategies and outcomes in a female youth-driven physical activity-based life skills programme, bean c, forneris t and fortier m, journal of sport for development, volume 3, issue 4 (2015). the five areas are:(1) providing more opportunities for female participation at all levels of sport and active recreation. this report provides an updated publicly available dataset on the number of women serving on boards of sports governing bodies; the gender pay gaps in certain sports; and case studies on sports that are successfully addressing the gender gap.‘grass roots development grants’ allow organisations (including clubs, groups, service deliverers, shire and municipal councils) to apply for up to 000 to implement a new sport or recreation program or increase the capacity of their organisation to deliver sport or recreation services. world conference, international working group on women and sport (pdf  - 4. this program was launched in april 2016 by the western australia department of sport and recreation. on sport sponsorship: a conceptual framework for research and regulatory review.  far too many women and girls continue to be denied opportunities to experience the joys and benefits of sports. in sport: fairness and freedom, regulation and law (pdf  - 248 kb), coggona j, hammondb n, and holm s, sport, ethics and philosophy, volume 2, issue 1 (2008). the game, for girls: a toolkit to help teachers get more girls involved in pe and school sport (pdf  - 632 kb), women’s sport and fitness foundation, (2016). because of continuing concerns, the committee held a short inquiry into homophobia in sport. essays in applied sport psychology, gilbourne d and andersen m (editors) human kinetics (2011). the report card asks, “are we playing fair when it comes to sports? a survey of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex people participating in local sporting organisations in the australian capital territory highlights the fact that community attitudes are not always accepting and inclusive. in addressing the subject of the sexual abuse of male children in sport the author notes that official statistics are generally considered unreliable, largely due to the high rate of underreporting, whilst prevalence rates from research vary remarkably depending on the nature of the sample and the method of assessment. mb), kay t and dudfield o, commonwealth secretariat in collaboration with the commonwealth advisory body on sport (2013). sexual dimorphism of testosterone in elite athletes was at the centre of a case before the court of arbitration for sport in which teenage indian sprinter dutee chand challenged a policy that regulates competition eligibility of women with naturally high testosterone levels. similarly, men who do not fulfill the stereotype of the ‘manly man’ have reported feeling intimidated and excluded from sports participation (these men will often be labelled gay, regardless of their own sexual identity). this overview can provide ideas for sports deliverers to implement that may encourage and enable women and girls to participate more. this report recognises that while tackling homophobia and transphobia in scottish sport is in its early stages, the approach needs to be positive. an interconnected world, and with cultural diversity ever present, there is growing recognition in sport management for the need to understand such diversity alongside the desire for more inclusive. of core principles on sport integrity (pdf  - 280 kb), sport integrity global alliance (2016). they explore these interconnections through an analysis of media coverage of women's participation in rugby union, a sport which has traditionally been taken to be central to hegemonic masculine identity in britain, australia and new zealand. information can be found in the clearinghouse for sport portfolio, physical activity guidelines. the secretary stated that the olympics show the power of sport to bring together individuals regardless of age, race, class, religion, ability, sex, sexual orientation or gender identity.
sport role models to enhance initiatives for adolescent girls in physical education and sport (abstract), adriaanse j, wilde k and crosswhite j, school of leisure, sport and tourism, university of technology, sydney (2005).  there were large differences in spectator attendance by age-group, with 54% of females age 15-17 years attending and less than 20% of women over the age of 65 attending a sporting event. article reflects on existing research examining volunteerism and volunteer management in sport from individual, institutional, multi-level, and policy perspectives. this article also provides three broadcast policy recommendations that would move tv sports news and highlights shows toward greater gender equity and fairness. of female athletes during the olympic games, unlike year-round coverage of sport, showed that the two genders received a more equal proportion of time on television and women were more likely to be discussed in contexts beyond simply results (such as training and preparation, and as part of the sporting industry)./prevention: considering the needs of disabled and gay athletes in the context of sexual harassment and abuse (abstract), kirby s, demers g and parent s, international journal of sport and exercise psychology, volume 6, issue 4 (2008). this review documents the qualitative and quantitative differences and discusses the negative impact this differential coverage has on consumer perceptions of women's sport and female athletes. mb), hoye r, brown k, nicholson m, sherry e and clement t, la trobe university, centre for sport and social impact (2013). impression congruence: a conceptual model of multi-level impression management operation in sports service organisations. several forms of gender-based violence in sport were considered: verbal, non-verbal, physical abuse and sexual harassment. to date, much of the work on sport and gender has focused on lesbian's and gay men’s participation in sport and physical education. to practice, cathy gorman-brown, project officer, nsw sport and recreation, sports talks (20/05/2013) (available to clearinghouse member groups b and c). mb), australian capital territory government, sport and recreation services (april 2014). the conversation in australian football is slowly starting to shift from a ‘what to do about women’ debate nested in problems and women’s rights; to a debate about the cost of not including female talent if the sport wants to remain competitive in a dynamic, fast paced, entertainment industry. the value of sponsorship going to women’s sport in the uk was just 0. this guideline, developed by the commission, outlines obligations under victoria's equal opportunity act 2010 regarding discrimination against transgender people in sport. mb), court of arbitration for sport, case number cas 2014/a/3759 (2014). this document will help those engaged in sport to: (1) recognise forms of discrimination that operate within a sporting organisation; (2) recognise forms of discrimination and harassment to which you or others might be subject, or might participate in; and; (3) deal with homophobia and sexuality discrimination in appropriate ways. in addition, ocr declared that policies restricting transgender student access to sports of the student’s gender identity are acceptable if they are not based on overly broad stereotypes or generalisations about transgender students, but rather are based on sound, current, and research-based medical knowledge about the impact of the students’ participation on the competitive fairness or physical safety of the sport. women in this survey were discouraged from playing team sports by being called lesbians, insulted, and told they could not play. the institute researches and publishes a variety of studies, including annual student-athlete graduation rates, racial attitudes in sports, and the internationally recognised series racial and gender report card. data that captured women's participation in sport highlights some of the significant socio-economic factors that influence participation. several key sports partners have come on board with this program, including canadian association for the advancement of women in sport and physical activity (caaws), canadian women’s hockey league (cwhl), rugby canada, and swimming canada. female sport management students for leadership roles in sport (pdf  - 919 kb), leberman s and shaw s, ako aotearoa, national centre for tertiary teaching excellence, nz (2012).. sport england’s this girl can campaign) and reviews the available evidence for effective public awareness campaigns.), european gay and lesbian sports federation, report of the conference held in antwerp (12 july 2007). among boys the most popular sports were football (soccer), swimming, australian football, basketball and cricket. article reflects on existing research examining volunteerism and volunteer management in sport from individual, institutional, multi-level, and policy perspectives. the australian sports commission (asc) is working towards achieving greater recognition of women’s sport and female athletes in the media, and improving leadership opportunities. this factsheet provides some statistics on women's participation in sport and physical activity. the content of this article was presented by danielle warby at queer thinking: out in sport as part of the 2014 sydney gay and lesbian mardi gras festival. on sport – women in sport: the state of play 2013, australian bureau of statistics, catalogue number 4156. a survey of cultural diversity and racism in australian sport (pdf  - 2. while sport is often considered to be a safe, healthy environment that contributes to the positive development of young people, it is also an area where violence can manifest itself in various ways, including sexual assault. the clearinghouse portfolio, women’s sport, discusses some of the challenges faced by women and girls at various levels and in different roles within the australian sport sector. this document provides guidelines that apply within all norwegian sports. although sporting organisations wanted to increase their numbers, they had few strategies in place specifically designed to attract girls and women and retain them as members. specifically, this article discusses the practical consequences of the policies on gender verification and the participation of transsexuals in sport at the international level. this research measured the hormone profile of a group of retired elite athletes from 15 different sports. the percentage of women coaches has increased to 28%, and increasing women’s participation in sport is a key part of the government’s youth and community sport strategy aimed at addressing these inequities. in the current review we analysed the existing body of knowledge of social media in the field of sport management. differences in profiles between sports suggest that an individual's profile may contribute to proficiency in a particular sport. that is based upon gender and/or sexual identity affects the fundamental integrity of sport and is often linked to other integrity issues such as violence, harassment or abuse., outsiders, and agents of change: first person action inquiry in community sport management. women in sport and recreation (wisar) program strives to increase the capacity of women to achieve, by affecting change within the sport and recreation workforce. although social attitudes toward participation by females in sport activities have changed dramatically over time, the predominant social ‘view’ of sport, as portrayed in print and electronic media, is still male oriented. results of the population survey reveal that 63% of children ages 5 to 14 years participated in at least one sport activity outside of school hours. this book provides an expanded set of evidence and resources to back up the 2010 unicef report protecting children from violence in sport: a review with a focus on industrialized countries. female participation in sport & physical activity (pdf  - 437 kb), a snapshot of the evidence (infographic).% of the sample) of girls chose a sports person as their role model, instead nominating a celebrity or a family member. a statement by the canadian centre for ethics in sport implies that ‘forced physical exertion’ which is emotionally and psychologically harmful to a child or youth, can be interpreted as punishment. this review of literature was conducted to provide an evidence base for the australian sports commission’s (asc) ‘national integrity in sport strategy’. it was noted that female sport was the focus of 11% of television news coverage on abc1 (sydney and melbourne). this report has been prepared as a support tool for companies in reviewing their recruitment and promotion processes with a view to enhancing the numbers of women in senior leadership roles. in the current review we analysed the existing body of knowledge of social media in the field of sport management. this series showcases young women from around the world telling stories of what sport means in their lives.  for women to be treated equally in sport they need to have access to, and involvement in, all aspects of sport – including coaching, officiating, and administration. australian sporting organisations will be able to assess their own practice as well as determine what constitutes good practice and benchmark their initiatives against other sporting organisations. the relatively low volume of reporting and comparatively low duration of air time given to female sport, when compared to women’s success and participation rates, implicitly give male sports more significance on australian television. programme design includes these considerations: (1) understanding and overcoming challenges; (2) choosing the right sport for your programme; (3) using a curriculum; (4) building support for your programme; (5) safe spaces; (6) recruiting girls; (7) developing leadership. of sexual and gender harassment and abuse in sports: initiatives in europe and beyond (pdf  - 1. lgbt persons frequently report diminished feelings of satisfaction from their sport participation experiences. across all demographics, there is a substantial volume of evidence that points to concerning declines in girls and women’s participation in sport in canada. paper: abuse, harassment, and bullying in sport (pdf  - 222 kb), stirling a, bridges e, laura cruz e and mountjoy m, canadian academy of sport and exercise medicine (december 2010).  however, despite the progress made, opportunities for women in interscholastic and collegiate sports are still weighted toward a male advantage. one sport australia hall of fame member, selected by his or her peers, is elevated to legend status each year. the aim of this study was to investigate whether homophobic bullying and abuse occurring in sport and physical education (pe) settings were associated with the mental health and wellbeing of young ssagd australians. clearinghouse for sport is a sector-wide knowledge sharing initiative, and as such your contributions are encouraged and appreciated. on sport sponsorship: a conceptual framework for research and regulatory review. the limited opportunities in major league professional sports have led corporations to seek. australian government has been forthright in acknowledging that homophobia exists in sport, and in 2000 published harassment-free sport. therefore, concerns exist that gender bias may be preventing girls/women from receiving the full benefits that sport and physical activity can offer. the commission looked at the experiences of men and women who were sexually abused as children in sporting clubs. mb), englefield l, cunningham d, mahoney a, stone t and torrance h, sport england (2016). focus groups consisting of adolescent females (13-17 years old), from a diverse range of sporting and ethnic backgrounds, discussed issues such as identifying roles models and their characteristics., sweat, and jeers: the impact of the media's heterosexist portrayals on perceptions of male and female athletes (pdf  - 527 kb), knight j and giuliano t, journal of sport behaviour, volume 26, number 3 (2003). to participate is one of the major challenges in establishing and maintaining adolescent girls’ involvement in sport and physical activity. book review appearing in sociology of sport journal, volume 19, number 3, 2002 (pdf  - 79 kb). a review of the literature indicates that (at this time) there is no concrete evidence to either support or refute the position that transitioned athletes compete at an advantage or disadvantage as compared with physically born men and women athletes. this survey looked at attitudes and behaviours among the act’s lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex community groups and territory sporting associations. a national poll of children, focus groups, and content analysis of sports programs and commercials helps to explain the influence that sports and sports media has on the gender perceptions of american boys. the national collegiate athletic association (ncaa) has maintained a policy since 2011 which calls for transgender students to take a number of steps before they can be granted access to participate in the single-sex sport of their gender identity, including diagnosis of gender identity disorder and in some instances hormonal treatment.  since this is unlikely, the prospect of equal media coverage of men’s and women’s sport and better access to sponsorship deals by women’s sport is at best 'aspirational' and at worst 'naive'. this strategy is intended to address equality and diversity, plus a race equality, to ensure the legal obligations of sport are met; as well as establishing equality principles and policies within uk sport and for its partner organisations. as a critical approach in sport management: current applications and directions for future research. this article we propose a theoretical framework for narrative analysis that gives voice to objects in sport organisations. the committee’s terms of reference were to inquire into women in sport and recreation in australia, with particular reference to: (a) the health benefits of women participating in sport and recreation activities; (b) the accessibility for women of all ages to participate in organised sport, fitness and recreation activities; (c) the portrayal of women’s sport in the media; (d) women in leadership roles in sport.

a 1996 survey took a snapshot of media coverage of women’s sport from newspapers, magazines, radio and television stations during a two-week period, establishing a measurement of coverage and additional information about the portrayal of women’s sport in the media. athletes, coaches, administrators, journalists and volunteers are recognised for the important roles they have played in australian sporting history. television news reports about female sports on average were 30 seconds shorter than reports on male sports. circus comes to town provides a snapshot of the media, sport and gender relationships during the olympic games which is very complex. and leadership positions in recreational hockey clubs (abstract), litchfield c,sport in society: cultures, commerce, media, politics, published online 20 may 2014. despite the well-recognised benefits of sport, there are also negative influences on athlete health, well-being and integrity caused by non-accidental violence through harassment and abuse.. traditionally all male or all female sports) among boys and girls ranging in age from 8 through 10 years. is not exclusively a male hormone, brown a and westbury i, the sports integrity initiative, published online (20 april 2016). many people have reported discrimination and exclusion in sport because of their sexuality and gender identity, and this failure by sport to provide an open and welcoming culture creates some unique challenges; not only for gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and intersex people, but also for the culture within sporting codes. current development of an 'athlete biological passport' sets a benchmark for the serum androgen level used to determine whether an athlete is 'female'. seems obvious that sporting organisations can be more proactive in their approach to combating homophobia; to recognise their duty of care; and to put positive, preventative strategies in place so that no-one has to speak-up or walk away from a club because they feel unsafe. experiences of children participating in organised sport in the uk (pdf  - 267 kb), child protection research centre, university of edinburgh (2014). survey results were reviewed by academic experts on homophobia in sport. seven implications for sports managers are briefly discussed in this paper., outsiders, and agents of change: first person action inquiry in community sport management. as a result, vicsport has developed the 'are you on board? the wlis grant program provides female sport administrators, coaches and officials with opportunities to undertake intermediate or advanced training within an existing pathway in the sport industry, to help women reach their leadership potential. this report offers a summary of research into girls’ participation in sports and physical activities. by: dr ralph richards, senior research consultant, clearinghouse for sport, australian sports commission. as a critical approach in sport management: current applications and directions for future research. in the 12 months prior to the survey, its estimated that 60% of all children aged 5 to 14-years participated in at least one organised sport activity outside of school hours.  research commissioned by the wsff found that the most common motivations women gave for participating in sport were fitness and fun rather than competition and skill acquisition. paper connects with practitioners and scholars in sport management regarding the utility of adopting narrative inquiry, and more specifically stories as a medium to re-present research findings. similarly, the study of the professionalisation of sport has a relatively. however, sport also has the potential to reflect undesirable values and unethical behaviour. paper connects with practitioners and scholars in sport management regarding the utility of adopting narrative inquiry, and more specifically stories as a medium to re-present research findings. women are largely absent from sports programming and when they do appear, they are portrayed in stereotypical ways.  they found that over 90% of all women senior managers and executives played sports at some level at primary and secondary school or during university or other tertiary education. the term ‘integrity’ can take on different meanings in different environments, but in a sporting context it is understood to be ‘respect for oneself and others, moral responsibility and accountability. athletes, women's sport, and the sport media commercial complex: have we really “come a long way, baby”? the author makes the case that a ‘male perpetrator-female victim paradigm’ that has dominated past research is inadequate and that social science needs to better understand the relationship between male-sport and the childhood sexual abuse of males.: transgender people and sport – complying with the equal opportunity act 2010, victorian equal opportunity & human rights commission (2015). the objective of this review is to provide a multilevel. there have been other sports stars to come out, but few in a sport as mainstream and masculine as rugby. mb), paterson j and matzelle r, australian sports commission (with expertise by repucom), april 2014.  the australian institute of sport has presented an annual ais athlete of the year award, which has been non-gender specific since 1984. this makes sport not as gender balanced as it should be and highlights the need to improve the gender climate and culture. incentives for sport clubs and facilities to balance their allocation of time and resources to women’s sport and incentives for sponsorships and/or funding of women’s sport. sport australia hall of fame introduced the ‘legend’ status to recognise those members who have distinguished themselves at the highest level and in doing so have offered inspiration and example to australia. the overwhelming message from the consultations was that there are many women and girls with the talent and desire to contribute to the sport and active recreation sector, but the opportunities to participate and lead were either elusive or not readily evident. organisational hurdles include: declining rates of sports participation among girls/women; limited female-specific sports opportunities that meet the needs and interests of girls/women; limited access to quality coaching, training, equipment and facilities that embrace specific abilities and skill levels; lack of positive role models, and; low levels of media coverage.  the report revealed that women’s participation was almost twice as great in non-organised activities as compared to sport and recreation activities delivered by a club or recreation association. first, present a roughly equitable quantity of coverage of women’s sports; defining ‘equity’ in this context would account for the fact that there are still more men’s sports, especially in the us college and professional spectator sports, than equivalent women’s sports. and sexualities in sport and physical cultures: three decades of evolving research (abstract), anderson e, journal of homosexuality; volume 58, number 5 (2011). although we are witnessing more women in europe participating in sport activities, a lot remains to be done in the sphere of gender equality. therapy appropriate for the assigned sex has been administered in a verifiable manner and for a sufficient length of time to minimise gender-related advantages in sport competitions. a sporting environment, behaviour or attitudes that produce prejudice, exclusion, or harassment not only tarnish the reputation of individuals, but clubs and sport as a whole.  in 2010, an estimated 343,100 females (4% of females over 15 years of age) were involved in organised sport or physical activities in a non-playing capacity only; and a further 391,600 were involved in both a playing and non-playing capacity. there was no statistically significant relationship between stigma consciousness and participation in either ‘male’ or gender neutral sports.: understanding and preventing sexual exploitation in sport (pdf  - 79 kb), brackenridge c. and evidence – learning from our journey (pdf  - 177 kb), brackenridge c, centre for youth sport and athlete welfare, brunel university, west london, uk, keynote address to the conference how safe is your sport, (25 february 2010). this report provides insight into the real and perceived barriers to getting women into leadership positions in australian sport, specifically from an australian football perspective. on the basis of british law the authors evaluate existing rules for the participation of transsexuals in elite sports; considering: (1) the uk guidelines issued in pursuance of the gender recognition act 2004, and (2) the international olympic committee’s guidelines.  having a significant mentor is also a common experience among successful women in the sports industry. the relationship between homosexuality and sport among the teammates of a small, midwestern catholic college soccer team (abstract), adams a and anderson e, sport, education and society, volume 17, number 3 (2012). in doing so, women and girls should have meaningful opportunities to become involved in and develop in sport according to their interests, abilities, talents and choices, throughout a lifetime’s involvement. australia, the royal commission into institutional responses to child sexual abuse has conducted hearings on abuse in sporting environments. the authors contend that bodies that are sexualized in, through, and around sporting contexts are disempowering and constraining of the athlete, fulfilling societies' collective voyeuristic and sexually needs. the goal of women win is to learn, document, and share the impact of gender-sensitive sport programs, with a clear women's rights approach. the objective of this review is to provide a multilevel examination of available scholarship that contributes to understanding why there are so few women in leadership positions within sport. in canada, only 59% of girls between the ages of 3 and 17 years participate in organised sport, and this figure drops alarmingly in late adolescence to 22%, secondary school sport participation also drops off. information can be found in the clearinghouse for sport portfolio, mature-age sport and physical activity. the rapid rise in the importance, influence, and value of female fans has been one of the most distinctive shifts in the sports marketing landscape in the last 50 years. actions, decisions and attitudes in a sporting context are in direct conflict with the ideals of sport. participation rates for boys and girls in physical activities were similar, but boys are more likely to participate in club sports than girls, across all age-groups. the core data set includes information from 129 of the 206 national olympic committees; 27 paralympic committees; 28 international sports federations; 14 paralympic international sports federations; 59 national governing bodies (ngbs) in the united kingdom and 57 national sporting organisations (nsos) in australia. every individual must have the possibility of practising sport, without discrimination of any kind and in the olympic spirit, which requires mutual understanding with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play. sport stakeholders are encouraged to consider the wider social parameters of these issues, including cultures of secrecy and deference that too often facilitate abuse, rather than focusing simply on psychopathological causes. management review has been the sport management leader in publishing literature reviews and new theoretical frameworks. gender as an organising principle in sport needs to be considered along with other forms of identity; such as race, sexual orientation, class, and ability. hormone profiles showed significant differences in 19 of the 24 measured variables between sexes and between all of the 15 sporting disciplines in men; and 11 out of 24 measured variables in women. transgender and gender nonconforming (tgnc) athletes face a number of challenges in a sport setting. female business executives agree that individuals who engage in sports at some level, or have done so, participate more effectively within teams than those who have not had this experience. a friend’s invitation makes sport participation more attractive and there is also greater safety in numbers. it offers practical information about intersex and transgender issues within a non-elite sporting context where the focus is on facilitating participation of all people. the parliamentary assembly declared itself to be against discrimination in sport and has made a number or recommendations. participants had a high involvement in club sports (84%), but only about a third (33. although there are many external factors that impact upon women’s participation in sport, there are also many factors at play within the sport sector which can hamper the participation of women. information about issues related to gender equity in sport can be found in the clearinghouse for sport portfolio, women's sport. there is considerable literature that focuses on the negative impact of masculine and hyper-masculine behaviours and attitudes, which result in gender-based discrimination, aggressive behaviour and homophobia. international survey of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (lgb) persons revealed prevailing attitudes of discrimination in a sporting environment, particularly targeting lgb youth and occurring frequently in team sports. the number of women on sports boards is gradually increasing and currently sits at 27%, although about half of all national governing bodies (ngbs) report that less than a quarter of their board are women. medicine australia, the risk of abdominal injury to women during sport (pdf   - 62 kb), finch c (2005). state guidelines for transgender students and school sport, cook h, the age (21 january 2016).. lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex and questioning) education and participation by youth in community sports. johnston also wants to tell the broader sporting community that gossip and 'jokes' about sexuality that are routinely peddled in locker rooms are homophobic and hurtful. this report provides details based upon sport or physical recreational activity at least once during the 12 months prior to interview.

and sexual prejudice in sport and physical activity (pdf  - 125 kb), gill d, morrow r, collins k, lucey a and schultz a, journal of sports management, volume 20, issue 4 (2006). abuse of young people in sport, parent s and hlimi k, government of quebec, canada.• 27% of gay men said they did not participate in youth team sports. concept of gender-based violence in sport brings together several concerns that tend to be addressed separately (rather than under a unified policy), such as: ethics in sport; child protection; safe sport environments; and athletes’ welfare. key findings regarding fan interest in sport and participation in sport by women. they conducted a survey of british elite female athletes (n=154) and followed up with 18 in-depth interviews to determine the extent and nature of sexual harassment in sport. a survey of 340 college students found that the majority still rate most sports as either masculine or feminine. mb), hardin m and greer j,journal of sport behavior, volume 32, number 2 (2009). this article explores the process of ‘grooming’ in the context of sport. fans are at the centre of the sports marketing equation and one of the primary reasons why sponsors invest in sport; female fans are considered of particularly high value to some sponsors given their influence over purchasing decisions. the authors argue that sport role models, in traditional gender terms, are ideologically contradictory. young girls today have more options when deciding which sport(s) to pursue, some traditionally male sports are now open to them.. under the age of 15) participated in some form of organised sport or physical activity outside of school hours, but only 19% of children are active at least three or more times per week in activities outside of school hours. their biannual survey of international sporting federations reported that only 13% of international sporting organisations have females in executive committee positions. national governing bodies for sport in the united kingdom are challenged with encouraging more women to take up sport and physical activity on a more frequent basis. this policy helps to ensure that every person involved in the sport of swimming is treated with respect and dignity, and is safe and protected from abuse. statistically significant differences were found, israeli student-athletes have stricter standards compared to american students in their perceptions of what constitutes sexual harassment in sport. total sports network aired a three part series examining the culture of homophobia in professional sports, the series is called reorientation. this federal legislation states that people aged under 12 years cannot be excluded on the basis of sex or gender identity from participating in competitive sporting activity. whilst monitoring of gender identity has not yet been included in the active people survey of sport and recreation, it is highly likely that lgbt people remain some of the most excluded and marginalized from sport and physical activity in the uk. the use of these words and the meanings associated with them provide valuable insights into the relationships between homophobia and sport. underrepresentation of women among sports administrators is an international issue, as noted by the international organisation sportaccord, which is an umbrella organisation for the international federations of both olympic and non-olympic sports. swimming is a sport where men and women may train together, but compete separately by gender. on the issue of social interactions, the majority (77% of survey respondents) indicated that they had no social interactions with teammates in sporting or other social activities. the data suggest that directors’ participation in sport governance was not uniform in terms of gender dynamics. athletes, women's sport, and the sport media commercial complex: have we really “come a long way, baby”? this report uses data from abs surveys and the 2011 census to provide a snapshot of women’s involvement in three general forms of sports engagement; playing, facilitating, and watching. the cces defines physical punishment of children and youth in sport as any activity or behaviour required as a consequence of poor sport performance or some other undesirable behaviour that causes an athlete physical pain, discomfort or humiliation and is: (1) disconnected from, or not logically related to, the sport performance or behaviour it is intended to change; or (2) disconnected from, or not logically related to, improving performance in the sport; and (3) not consented to by the athlete (and/or their parent or guardian) engaged in such activity or behaviour. women with qualifications, experience and interest in gaining leadership roles within national sporting organisations are encouraged to submit their details online for consideration to be included in the women in sport leadership register. sydney scoreboard concept is the legacy of the 5th iwg world conference on women and sport; it offers another measuring tool to review the representation of women in leadership positions. this report presents an abridged version of the overall research findings, so that gender equity may become a sustainable reality in sport. the survey found only small gender differences; 55% of males and 51% of females with a disability participated in sport and active recreation. participation in sport must be enjoyable and provide an experience worth repeating; personalised contact that underlies respect and recognition. progress toward greater equality in sport can be realised through concrete measures, supported by sustainable policies and, where necessary, legal frameworks. women’s national basketball association racial and gender report card, institute for diversity and ethics in sport (tides), university of central florida (october 2015). this report highlights the efforts and achievements of wsff in promoting informal sport to women and girls and features several case studies. athlete member of the sport australia hall of fame has achieved the highest honours at the peak level of competition.. dressage, show jumping, and eventing) is the only olympic-level sport which is not organised around sex segregation. according to government estimates, approximately 6% of the uk population is gay, and yet homophobia in sport remains a serious issue in the uk. and transgender policies in sport (pdf  - 750 kb), sykes h, women in sport and physical activity journal, volume 15, number 1 (2006). on the fields: the first international study on homophobia in sport (pdf  - 12. and sport: insights into the growing rise and importance of female fans and female athletes (pdf  - 5. in college sports and protection from sexual victimization (abstract), fasting k, brackenridge c, miller k, and sabo d, international journal of sport and exercise psychology, volume 6, number 4 (2008). the authors conclude that since the coaching environment is so closely linked to traditional male values, a transformation of the coaching culture and associated re-scripting of coach behaviour might be easier if more female coaches were involved in sport. shall never know the exact number of men who have competed in the olympics posing as women: sport, gender verification and the cold war, wiederkehr s,international journal of the history of sport, volume 26, issue 4 (2009). many sporting organisations seem to be ignorant of the impact that homophobia and discrimination of gays and lesbians in a sport setting can have on their personal wellbeing and enjoyment of sport. hybridity: a conceptualization of how sport for development and peace organizations respond to divergent institutional demands. this study examined the impact of gender quotas on gender equality in governance among boards of national sport organizations (nsos) in australia. several recommendations were made that involve the sporting environment: (1) public safety—ssagq young people continue to experience high levels of homophobic violence and abuse not just at school but also on the street, in sport and at public and private events.: when sport is not a level playing field, la trobe university bulletin, (posted online 30 january 2014). immigration to new zealand of people from the pacific islands during the 1970s drew groups of predominantly maori and pacific island transgender, or ‘fa’afafine women’ to sport. role models have previously been identified as a key factor in increasing adolescent girls’ participation in sport; alongside a number of other elements, role models can encourage girls to play sport and become more physical active. wsa also offers programs and events to improve leadership and governance in sport, and mentoring programs for women. west survey (pdf  - 308 kb), western australian department of sport and recreation and healthways (2007). women in sport (pdf  - 142 kb), women’s sport and fitness foundation (wsff) and sporting equals (2010).  while women in the focus groups tended to agree that sport in australia was (or could be) a level playing field, they all went on to identify barriers that they believed shaped their experiences and attitudes toward sport and recreation activities. this news item presents the stories of several success australian sportswomen and how they have managed their sporting career and personal commitments. this review article, we aim to explore and promote dialogue regarding the use of contemporary qualitative research methods being used in sport management. research findings on the problem of homophobia in sport in the uk are broadly in line with the international consensus, with 84% of participants reporting hearing homophobic jokes and humour within sport and 49% of uk participants believing that, within sporting environments, homophobia is most likely to occur by spectators. this documentary film questions the assumption that women’s fight for full rights in the world of sports is over. inclusive environments for tans participants in canadian sport: guidance for sport organizations (pdf  - 1. research has attempted to identify the extent and nature of discrimination in a sports setting. their mission is to transform sport for the benefit of every woman and girl in the united kingdom by improving and promoting opportunities for women and girls in sport at every level. the 2011 fifa women’s world cup final became the most tweeted about event on the planet; but women’s sport accounted for only 0. sport participation and physical education at school – participants were asked to retrospectively explain their experiences of sport and physical education while at school. this study, a 5-year update to a 25-year longitudinal study, indicates that the quantity of coverage of women’s sports in televised sports news and highlights shows remains dismally low. australian society ‘men’s sport’ is more likely to be featured in print and electronic media, providing a bias view of sport participation as a male oriented activity. the author also draws upon personal experience and informal interviews with sportspeople. this produced in the men feelings such as shame and hurt, and was often the reason for dropping out of team sports. the aim of this book is to provide an overview of the current debates on gender and sport from a women’s perspective, in particular gender inequalities, and to present insights into the causes and effects. (pdf  - 118 kb), plummer d, journal of sport & social issues, volume 30, number 2 (2006). main drivers for women’s participation in sports were: general health; stress relief; weight loss; being around friends; social connections; personal reward (feeling good), and; getting out of the house. this resource supplements material published as part of canadian sport for life (cs4l) foundation documents, which are part of ‘long-term athlete development’ (ltad) resources. many lgbt people have reported they find organised sport to be intimidating and alienating, having experienced homophobia and transphobia, particularly in school sport at an early age.• 44% of gay men participating in team sports reported negative experiences, particularly during school physical education class; 31% said they feared rejection because of their sexuality. and informal sport: a report for the women’s sport and fitness foundation (pdf  - 3. mb), confederation of australian sport, report to the government of australia, office for sport, department of health (december 2013). the author explores one of the few olympic-level sports which is not organised around sex segregation – equestrian sport – in order to consider the implications of sex integration for female participants. every year, the ioc invites each national olympic committee, international federation and continental association to nominate a person or association active in promoting gender equality and the presence of women in their sport or country. wrnsw provides many opportunities for sporting organisations and individuals who believe in equity for all women. the 2010 euro barometer on gender equality report indicated that europeans are concerned about the sexist stereotypes found in the world of sport. for two weeks every four years the olympics provides audiences around the world with a kaleidoscope of sport, showcasing many ‘minor’ sports alongside mainstream sports.  although australian government awards are not gender specific, it is significant that sportswomen can be recognised in this way for their achievements. according to a study conducted by the amateur athletic foundation of los angeles, 98% of boys ages 8 to 17 in the us consume some form of sports-related media. this article we propose a theoretical framework for narrative analysis that gives voice to objects in sport organisations. the international olympic committee (ioc) has also published a position statement on harassment and abuse in sport that includes lgbt athletes. the studies we currently have at our disposal show that between 2% and 8% of minor-age athletes are victims of sexual abuse within the context of sport.
four key insights emerged from their career experiences:The growth of the sports industry has led to new and multiple career pathways.  this has occurred across many sports, and even within sports where male and female athlete ratios are relatively equal.• pe class was a particular concern for ssagd youth, where verbal and physical abuse was reported more often than in other sport settings.• 84% of survey respondents said homophobic jokes occur ‘all the time, often, or sometimes’ in a sporting environment. to sports participation for women and girls (pdf  - 118 kb), women’s sport and fitness foundation (2008). in and around sport-for-development (sfd) has increased steadily since the first scholarly work in the field was conducted in the 1990s. the successful prevention and eradication of abuse and harassment against athletes rests on the effectiveness of leadership by the major international and national sport organisations. to men: sports media messages about masculinity (pdf  - 241 kb), messner m, hunt d and dunbar m, children now (1999). wsrt is a group of concerned individuals and organisations with a broad range of interests in women's sport and recreation issues. mb), treagus m, cover r and beasley c, the fay gale centre for research on gender, university of adelaide, prepared for the australian sports commission (2011). people like to think of sport as being fair and open to all, sometimes individuals or groups are excluded or prevented from participating equally. should australian women focus on sex appeal to market themselves, or is it time to really start developing women’s sport in this country where the focus is on the sport and not the athlete? their attitudes predicted an unwillingness to participate in sport when a coach was identified as gay or lesbian. the value of female athletes’ achievements by increasing the percentage of media content devoted to women’s sport by establishing media rules and guidelines.  the iwg acts as a catalyst for change and the advancement and empowerment of women and sport globally.  sharp represents a partnership between the women’s sports foundation, the university of michigan’s school of kinesiology, and the institute for research on women & gender. sub-topics include: history, timeline, participation, spectatorship, media coverage, professional sport, amateur sport, olympics and paralympics, government. long-term studies of media coverage of women's sport in the united states shows that inequities continue to exist and coverage of women's sport does not reflect participation rates of women.  the vision of the iwg is to realise a sustainable sporting culture that enables and values the full involvement of women in every aspect of sport. the sport, health and activity research and policy (sharp) center for women and girls was established in 2010. about 52% of the australian women surveyed said they did not participate in sports at school.% of the commercial investment going into all sports and for only 7% of total sports coverage in the media. understanding the planning and hosting of major sporting events is a popular research area, less is known about the bid process despite the potential economic and political spinoffs. purpose of this paper was to systematically review the study of organisational culture in sport. by playing sports girls had the opportunity to become physically stronger, healthier, and develop a greater ownership and understanding of their bodies. the film explores five decades of activism and legal challenges that women fought to ensure they would have equal access and rights to compete in sports on elite and community levels. people from indigenous backgrounds remain under-represented among the number of people participating in sporting organisations as competitors, officials, coaches, and administrators. a survey of women competing at australian masters games has underscored the value of sports participation in overturning stereotypes of aging as well as gender. siga has created a draft set of universal integrity standards for sport. chiefs unite against homophobia, sbs sport - australian associated press article appearing on 9 april 2014 with video interrview. it can also help individuals and players to understand their rights within a non-elite sporting context. ‘changing the game: increasing female participation in sport’ will create new opportunities to increase female participation in sport and raise the profile of women’s sport in victoria. ioc guidelines are considered to be a living document and will be subject to review in light of any scientific or medical developments. transgender students are often excluded from school sport programs, and can spend years on the sidelines while their classmates play sport. of the attitudes, behaviours and values that have a negative impact on the development and maintenance of sports integrity tend to centre on gender. on sport – women in sport: the state of play 2013  australian bureau of statistics, catalogue number 4156. however, there are a number of sports that do not rely upon physical capabilities and, in theory, could provide equitable competition among men and women at all ages.  in addition, there were only five women presidents among the 105 international sporting organisations belonging to sportaccord; and almost half of these organisations had 20% or less of their key leadership positions filled by women. this conference involved 120 experts from sport organisations and governments and secured wide-ranging commitments and support for concrete actions on equality between women and men in sport.  according to the 2011 census, 40,244 females were employed in sport and physical recreation occupations in australia, an increase of 31% from the 2006 census. after many years of competing in hockey at an elite level, gus johnson decided to share his story and experience with homophobia in sport. children (under the age of 15 years), participation in organised sport was higher among boys (67%) than among girls (54%) and the participation rate varied across the states and territories., half of the respondents to the womensport west survey indicated that various sporting organisation they engaged with had policies in place to address participation issues.• it is against the law to discriminate against another person in the provision of goods and services – including sport-related services such as coaching.  the implications for physical education and sport in schools and tertiary institutions were dramatic. the specific aims of this publication are to: (1) increase the confidence and competence of administrators in sport with regard to supporting transsexual people to play competitive sport; (2) provide a ten‐point action plan that, when implemented, will support ngbs to provide a more inclusive environment for transsexual people; (3) ensure administrators in sport are dealing with the issues facing transsexual people seeking to play competitive sport in a way that is fair to everyone; (4) provide the legal and relevant compliance framework within which all sports operate; (5) promote inclusion for all people within the sport by providing model frameworks for transsexual people to play competitive sport, and; (6) provide technical information to help sports develop the appropriate policies and procedures. in sport and physical recreation, australia, 2013-14, australian bureau of statistics, catalogue number 4177. this review article, we aim to explore and promote dialogue regarding the use of contemporary qualitative research methods being used in sport management. these barriers to sports participation among older australians are not always related to gender, family commitments do place additional pressure on women. this article explores the debate and ideology surrounding the ‘fairness’ of gender assignment and sports competition. further, qualitative comments support the notion that gender and gendered heroism play a critical role in the adoption of sport role models by adolescent girls. the common thread among them is how participating in or discovering sport has shaped, influenced or saved their lives. mb), richmond football club in partnership with bluestone edge, australian football league and the australian sports commission (2014). and cultural bias in perceptions of sexual harassment in sport (abstract), fejgin n and hanegby r, international review for the sociology of sport, volume 36, number 4 (2001). play by the rules has assembled a range of articles, videos, tools and education resources to help create awareness of this issue in sport. all athletes have a right to engage in ‘safe sport’, defined as an athletic environment that is respectful, equitable and free from all forms of non-accidental violence to athletes., sexual harassment and education (abstract), fastinga k and brackenridgeb c, sport, education and society, volume 14, number 1, (2009).• the gendered nature of sport and pe provides challenges for gender diverse young people, and more focus should be placed on understanding their needs and on ways to encourage safer and more welcoming participation for this group.  the reported appeal of participation in informal sport and physical activity was: (1) motivation from the group; (2) convenience; (3) fun (no pressure to perform); (4) meeting people and socialising with friends; (5) visable improvement in fitness and performance. research has identified that children as young as two are aware of and practice gender roles and the perception of boys' sports and girls' sports persists. the governing body for world athletics, the iaaf, has recognised that in many countries, transsexuals/transgender persons may obtain official recognition in their acquired sex through the formal issue of a sex recognition certificate or other form of identification of sex (passport, identity card, birth certificate, etc. football, link to policy which is an extract from the australian sports commission (december 2005). gymnastics victoria and five other state sporting associations are encouraging women and girls to become more physically active, while championing the important role women play in sports’ leadership and management. the asc has established the women in sport leadership register, which is designed to assist in the placement of women on boards within sport. abundance of institutional logics is associated with the area of sport for development and peace (sdp). a questionnaire was used to survey the experiences of athletes and about one-quarter reported that they had experienced various types of inappropriate coach behaviour during their sports careers. the limited opportunities in major league professional sports have led corporations to seek. of the identified prevention approaches target sports organisations and coaches. coach/female athlete relations: gender and power relations in competitive sport (abstract), tomlinson a and yorganci i, journal of sport and social issues, volume 21, number 2 (1997). this document is to provide policy and procedure information to the swimming south australia community with regards to the participation of transgender and trans-sexual persons in sport. building in nonprofit sport organizations: development of a process model. this paper traces the history of gender stereotyping in sport and provides background about the international olympic committee’s (ioc) decision to institute and then modify its gender verification policy for olympic athletes. information can be found in the clearinghouse for sport portfolio, sport workforce development. openly gay male athletes are still rare in organised, competitive team sports. the book is divided into two major sections – the first section serves as an introduction and critical review of the empirical and theoretical research conducted to date; the second offers the reader a critical outline and analysis of policy and practice. among international sports federations surveyed, the average female representation was only about 15% and national olympic committees 16.  intrapersonal variables such as stereo-typed beliefs and values about the appropriateness of female participation in sport; perceived enjoyment and satisfaction related to sport; self-perceptions of competence, body image and physical appearance; are acutely experienced by girls. there is a well-established tradition of using sport to address issues of empowerment for girls and women, and sport can act as a powerful mechanism to challenge social attitudes that legitimise unequal female treatment. the figures do not tell the true story of what women’s sport is really worth. international olympic committee introduced the women and sport awards in 2000 to recognise the outstanding achievements and contributions of those who promote gender equality in sport. gay games: a history, symons c, routledge, critical studies in sport (2010). foddy b and savulescu j, british journal of sports medicine, volume 45, number 15 (2011). in paralympic sports, only the boards of table tennis, basketball, curling and bocca recorded an increase in the number of women on their boards. across the canadian sports system there needs to be a positive cultural that aims to inspire girls/women to be more active; system-wide recommendations include:Use champion female athletes as spokespersons and ambassadors in corporate canada. sports have (generally) made a policy commitment to inclusive and anti-discriminatory practice. sex chromatin analysis fell out of common diagnostic use by geneticists shortly after the ioc began its testing program and in 1999 the ioc medical commission reviewed its practices and agreed to change the implementation of gender verification tests from mandatory for all female athletes, to random. this is the third major report from the wsff examining the levels of commercial investment afforded to women’s sport in the uk.

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