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Online Home Based Businesses: Systematic Literature Review And

accordingly, online business participation (obp) encompasses online participation geared towards corporations. overall, the terms were chose so as to yield as wide a choice of studies as possible potentially pertaining to online participation. internet and democratic participation: uses of icts by voluntary and community organisations in ireland1997economic and social review283. the internet for information purposes, such as news consumption, has been shown to be positively associated with both online and off–line participation, whereas consuming media for entertainment purposes is negatively related to participation (bakker and de vreese, 2011; de zúñiga, et al. systematically reviewing the current literature on online participation, this study will provide an overview of the state–of–research on online participation. systematically reviewing the current literature on online participation, this study will provide an overview of the state–of–research on online participation. online communities have a thematic focus beyond which members share few similarities. research shows that functional motives often explain users’ first contact with online communities. a critique of online citizen engagement in africa2009african journal of political science and international relations34. internet and the public: online and offline political participation in the united kingdom2006parliamentary affairs592. figure 1 shows, the research corpus on opp&ce is by far the largest of the five identified forms of online participation. offering managerial implications of online international marketing and its potential legal issues. the first four terms were intended to focus the search results on research addressing online or internet phenomena, the second two terms further focused the search results on studies addressing any form of participation. higher levels of experience and self–efficacy, in turn, drive online engagement (ryu, et al. the activities considered in this field of inquiry are very diverse, ranging from the production and sharing of music to the shared creation of identity in online communities. and online civic engagement among adolescents and young adults from three ethnic groups2013journal of youth and adolescence421. by differentiating and exploring distinct forms of online participation, this study provides an overview of the research field and allows for a more comprehensive approach to the social phenomena related to online participation. citizens and political participation: online media and civic cultures2011taiwan journal of democracy72. there is no identifiable common research program on online participation — we expect that researchers do not identify primarily as participation scholars, but rather as management, education or health communication scholars. we try to identify propositions that are applicable across all five forms of online participation identified in the review. its creative nature clearly distinguishes online participation from mere consumption or aimless surfing on the web: online participation entails an increased level of activity, effort, or action. civic participation, and political empowerment: online media and public opinion formation in korea2005media, culture & society276. in a fourth step, papers were categorized according to their overall field of inquiry, resulting in five distinct research areas: political/civic participation (286), business participation (63), cultural participation (21), education participation (219), and health participation (64). in this contribution, we present the results of a systematic literature review on online participation. a number of contributions would by necessity be excluded from the review if their titles did not indicate that they address some aspect of online participation. yet our initial findings also document the dominance of political & civic participation in current online participation research. effect of internet use on political participation: an analysis of survey results for 16–year–olds in belgium2007social science computer review264. users with a high sense of belonging engage more often in online discussions, and with increasing experience and duration of membership, the depth and richness of their contributions increases (nov, et al. the purpose of this paper, we propose the following definition of “online participation” encompassing all three dimensions discussed above: online participation is the creation and sharing of content on the internet addressed at a specific audience and driven by a social purpose. gallen, switzerland, and a lecturer at the university of applied sciences in business administration zurich. “participation cycles and emergent cultures in an online community,” international journal of market research, volume 50, number 5, pp.. here, 16 percent of the population have published political pictures or videos online during the last 12 months, and 34 percent have carried out one of these four activities online: signing a petition, contacting a member of parliament, writing a letter to the editor, or publishing a news or blog commentary (smith, 2013). inclusion, belonging and identity formation are considered key outcomes of ocp — again, this outcome is held to be of heightened importance for members of socially marginalized groups; functional outcomes may include attention of peers, critical feedback and public promotion; active participants perceive more benefits and higher levels of satisfaction than do “lurkers”; while social support is a key outcome of ocp, online relations prove difficult to transfer to the off–line world.. a study by emmer and colleagues (2012), for example, shows that german citizens’ off–line political participation far outweighs their online participation. focus on demographic and political antecedents; gender: men show higher rates of opp&ce than women; age: ambivalent net effect; education and ses: positive effect but (partly) mediated through online skills; political interest: positive effect (possibly mediator for socio–demographic effects). 4: research on online participation should be more theory–based and cumulative. order to address our research question, we will proceed to discuss each of the identified forms of online participation and describe the salient discourses and state–of–research for each field of inquiry, starting with political & civic participation.

A literature review of online trust in business to consumer e

communities play a key role in ocp studies, empirical analyses have found that online engagement is only rarely transferred to the off–line world (nonnecke, et al. internet and democratic participation: uses of icts by voluntary and community organisations in ireland1997economic and social review283. conceptualize online health participation (ohp) as the engagement in health–related issues on the internet. order to address our research question, we will proceed to discuss each of the identified forms of online participation and describe the salient discourses and state–of–research for each field of inquiry, starting with political & civic participation. empirical evidence from the 2004 post–election internet tracking survey2007social science computer review262. focionline communities; cultural artefacts; social identity; community roles; use motives; fan culture. civic participation, and political empowerment: online media and public opinion formation in korea2005media, culture & society276..government surveillance and political participation on the internet2005social science computer review234. this chapter will provide an overview of key findings on online political participation and civic engagement (opp&ce). in some cases, online participation is even equated with opp&ce. his research is focused on online communication, social media and political communication. the literature review presented in this paper, we searched four databases: isi web of knowledge (wok), proquest, ebscohost, and mendeley. opp&ce is commonly operationalized as an index of several activities that may include (but is not restricted to): political information search and consumption, donating money, writing an e–mail message to a government representative or politician, connecting with like–minded individuals in online communities, sharing photos, videos or sound material, protests, boycotts, and e–voting (best and krueger, 2005; calenda and meijer, 2009; cogburn and espinoza–vasquez, 2011; de zúñiga, et al. a study of how new internet applications may enhance citizen participation in the political process online2008international journal of electronic democracy11. and its impacts on international business and marketing are important due to the fact that web 2. systematic literature review requires the specification of conceptually guided keywords. di gennaro and dutton (2006) find that while online and off–line participants share some similarities, they do not completely overlap. media and fat democracy: the paradox of online participation2009new media & society125. dutta–bergman’s (2006) study shows that users who were active in online discussion forums in the wake of 09/11 were more active in neighborhood and local communities. their literature overview suggests a stronger link between internet use and online political participation than off–line political participation. the internet provides access to financial information and also facilitates access to the capital market (online banking/brokerage). national cultures can be more or less conducive to online participation. active citizens would embrace the internet for their purposes, while those not participating off–line would not bother engaging online, either., traditional sources online and political participation: an assessment of how the internet is changing the political environment2009new media & society114. some studies notice that customer participation entails a shift in value creation — commonly increasing the benefit received by the customer, in some cases decreasing the benefit for the business (chaney, 2012), in others providing new sources of value creation (franquet, et al. we find this effect in education, health, business and cultural participation. yet our initial findings also document the dominance of political & civic participation in current online participation research. we acknowledge that a number of important contributions in the respective fields are not included in this overview simply because their titles don’t make them instantly recognizable as pieces of online participation research. limitation of our study is its focus on peer–reviewed journal or conference proceedings publications. for other, more established fields, such as political participation, future reviews might want to weigh search results by centrality or citation frequency (which would also allow for a broader approach, such as applying search terms to titles and abstracts). recent review of theoretical perspectives in communication and internet research identified “online participation” as one of six emerging global themes (rice and fuller, 2013).(3) a third recurring topic concerns the antecedents of online participation. is associated with high levels of learning engagement and has been shown to positively affect learning success; strengthening of student autonomy and facilitation of student–centered learning; studies have found only little substitution effects between online and off–line learning; purely online learning experiences are associated with reduced levels of social exchange, yet distance learning is becoming more interactive due to online media. “engagement with mathematics courseware in traditional and online remedial learning environments: relationship to self–efficacy and achievement,” journal of educational computing research, volume 37, number 3, pp. researchers of online participation from various disciplines still have to create mutual awareness of their work — and foster an understanding of their common research agenda. a study of how new internet applications may enhance citizen participation in the political process online2008international journal of electronic democracy11. we find this effect in education, health, business and cultural participation.

The impacts of E-commerce on international business and marketing

a student assistant helped in the first phase of the literature review, downloading the papers and removing doubles, but was not involved in the synthesis of the results. the higher their levels of online privacy concerns, the lower the likelihood of ohp (han, et al. yet we find that the fragmentation of online participation research into distinct fields or streams leads to both unnecessary gaps within fields and redundancies across fields. overall, debate on the “participation divide” should be differentiated by the identified areas of online participation as antecedents may have different effects depending on the form of participation under consideration. figure 1 shows, the research corpus on opp&ce is by far the largest of the five identified forms of online participation. gallen, switzerland, and a lecturer at the university of applied sciences in business administration zurich. these studies explore how new media can strengthen the exchange relationships between businesses and their customers in the vein of relationship marketing (dabholkar and sheng, 2012; sashi, 2012)..size and e–democracy: online participation in norwegian local politics2009scandinavian political studies324. aside from suggesting promising avenues for future research, this study is also intended to contribute to the understanding and definition of the concept of ‘online participation’ and the development of a theoretical foundation or framework underlying this dynamic research domain (cf.., the question of whether users can transfer their online participation beyond the digital sphere.., of the quality and credibility of online content (kimber and wyatt–smith, 2010). for an overview of the sub–domains of online participation research as well as salient discourses within these domains, the peer–reviewed literature was held to sufficiently represent the state–of–research. whether internet users sign political petitions on the web, are engaged in fan groups, edit wikipedia articles, create and upload artistic vimeo videos, or answer a question on an online health forum; all of these activities can be seen as a form of online participation because they are geared towards a broader audience, some kind of social group or community (schradie, 2011). his dissertation focuses on online participation and his other research interests include social media in science and public administration, online privacy and trust, and digital serendipity. national cultures can be more or less conducive to online participation. on oep show that the affordances of the applied technologies influence the effect of online learning. national cultures differ in their conduciveness to online participation (grace–farfaglia, et al. and its impacts on international business and marketing are important due to the fact that web 2. studies find that in the realm of ohp, online contacts are rarely transferred to the off–line world (rodgers and chen, 2005)..bowling online, not alone: online social capital and political participation in singapore2009journal of computer–mediated communication142. longer members engage in online communities, the more important they perceive their membership: in time, social use motives supersede functional ones (cook, et al. increasingly, though, research interest is turning to the question of what individuals actually do once they’re online: how (inter)active, productive or capital–enhancing are various internet uses? a total of 132 identified articles, this is by far the most extensive field of inquiry when it comes to online participation. furthermore, among studies addressing online participation, few subtopics dominate the agenda — most notably aspects of political participation and civic engagement. it should be noted that all three definitional dimensions are not necessarily equally salient in all forms of online participation. the internet allows for the mutual exchange between students even when it is not desired by the education providers, as recent controversy about online teacher or professor evaluations shows (rambe, 2012). is associated with high levels of learning engagement and has been shown to positively affect learning success; strengthening of student autonomy and facilitation of student–centered learning; studies have found only little substitution effects between online and off–line learning; purely online learning experiences are associated with reduced levels of social exchange, yet distance learning is becoming more interactive due to online media. a definition provided by wikipedia (2014) even focuses strictly on the social embeddedness of online participation: “online participation is used to describe the interaction between users and online communities on the web.., studies not addressing any form or dimension of online participation (remaining sample=653). engagement in public affairs and online activities geared towards influencing government action. only one study addresses potential dangers in businesses misusing or opposing customer word–of–mouth online (campbell, et al., the first goal of our paper is to distinguish different forms of online participation and identify relevant sub–discourses. in a fourth step, papers were categorized according to their overall field of inquiry, resulting in five distinct research areas: political/civic participation (286), business participation (63), cultural participation (21), education participation (219), and health participation (64).., the question of whether users can transfer their online participation beyond the digital sphere. finally, social–cognitive studies indicate that self–efficacy acts as an important driver in fostering online engagement (compeau, et al. i addressed this gap in the research literature by reviewing extant literatures in the field of online marketing and business. media and social networking sites: the politics of individuation and political participation2011communication review143.

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“engagement with mathematics courseware in traditional and online remedial learning environments: relationship to self–efficacy and achievement,” journal of educational computing research, volume 37, number 3, pp. the purpose of this paper, we propose the following definition of “online participation” encompassing all three dimensions discussed above: online participation is the creation and sharing of content on the internet addressed at a specific audience and driven by a social purpose. such findings call for a differentiated, more comprehensive look at online participation and a further clarification of the concept. in the final section of this review, i categorized the implications of online international marketing and legal issues for international online marketers, traders and the scholars in this area. gallen, switzerland, and a lecturer at the university of applied sciences in business administration zurich. just as lay users start reporting and commenting on current affairs, students self–organize their learning experience and patients find information and support online. 2: research on online participation should be aware of its diversity and consider various forms or areas of participation. aside from suggesting promising avenues for future research, this study is also intended to contribute to the understanding and definition of the concept of ‘online participation’ and the development of a theoretical foundation or framework underlying this dynamic research domain (cf. in some domains, other publication formats, such as books, constitute important contributions to the field and should be considered in field–specific reviews. new media enable creative customer input into the development (“open innovation”), design, and production of business offers (franquet, et al. online structures on chinese government portals: citizen political participation and government legitimation2009social science computer review272. we were able to differentiate forms of online participation considered in current research and identify differing foci, discourses and findings. peer–reviewed journal articles and conference proceedings in english were considered. the script: toward a politics of young people’s digital media participation2010review of education, pedagogy, and cultural studies324. again, the inclusion of customers into the production process can increase their attention and loyalty — adapting the business model accordingly can open up new business opportunities and revenue streams (chaney, 2012). not expressly defining the concept of “online participation”, jenkins’ description encompasses a number of elements or definitional dimensions frequently encountered in online participation research. the fact that online courses are more self–regulated and require more self–discipline might explain this finding. at the same time, initial findings show that online participation depends heavily on the specific social, political and cultural context (calenda and meijer, 2009; george, 2005). thereby, in each individual field discussed in this review, breadth was chosen over depth. in many cases, online participants report benefits from their engagement, e. peer–reviewed journal articles and conference proceedings in english were considered. we understand oep as individuals’ participation in educational activities based on online media. at the same time, lower ses users profit more from their online participation: they value the information and communication options of the internet particularly highly (van uden–kraan, et al. hence, users can improve their understanding of their own health — and thus their judgment of sensible treatment methods — due to online media.. they find that businesses’ online tools and corporate web sites are primarily geared towards customers and shareholders, but not towards other stakeholder groups.(3) a third recurring topic concerns the antecedents of online participation. we propose that three such dimensions are of critical importance to the concept of “online participation”: (1) the creative dimension: online participation is commonly associated with the creation and sharing of content on the web; (2) the social dimension: the creation and sharing activity is commonly embedded in some form of social group or community; and, (3) the motivational dimension: online participation is commonly associated with the pursuit of a social purpose., the first goal of our paper is to distinguish different forms of online participation and identify relevant sub–discourses. activitiesseeking out health–related information and information on treatment options; discussing health–related issues in self–help forums; participating in support groups; online engagement in campaigns (e. wok is often used for systematic literature reviews because it is relatively comprehensive (denyer and tranfield, 2009). in some domains, other publication formats, such as books, constitute important contributions to the field and should be considered in field–specific reviews. still, literature gaps exist in this review and i highlight some of them as well as future research suggestions at the end of this review. in addition, the review of marketing mix literatures can be a supplement to the review of impacts of e-commence on international marketing. conceptualize online health participation (ohp) as the engagement in health–related issues on the internet. interactivity and richness in stakeholder relations can increase trust and customer satisfaction; new media provide new tools for critical engagement of corporations, but online engagement also creates buy–in effects (organizational citizenship); online participation constitutes a disruptive innovation for some business models (e. the activities considered in this field of inquiry are very diverse, ranging from the production and sharing of music to the shared creation of identity in online communities. there is no generally accepted definition of online participation in this field, a number of the identified articles rely on a definition of participation provided by verba, et al.

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the failure of an online citizen engagement initiative: the role of internal institutional variables2011journal of information technology & politics81. di gennaro and dutton (2006) show that younger citizens rely more heavily on online than off–line participation. online structures on chinese government portals: citizen political participation and government legitimation2009social science computer review272. users with a high sense of belonging engage more often in online discussions, and with increasing experience and duration of membership, the depth and richness of their contributions increases (nov, et al. overall, debate on the “participation divide” should be differentiated by the identified areas of online participation as antecedents may have different effects depending on the form of participation under consideration. models of internet use and community engagement questioning whether time spent online erodes social capital2002journalism & mass communication quarterly794. literature review serves the following functions for scholars in this field: showing overall picture of the impacts of internet (and web 2. now, most research on online participation published in english and in peer–reviewed journals has focused on the english–speaking world — or at least on the “western” world. analyses have found a negative correlation between age and online engagement (grace–farfaglia, et al., the concept of online participation implies a motivation to affect others, to influence or change the status quo, even if only in a very minor way. people, political participation and online postmaterialism in greece2011new media & society132. psychological drivers play an important part in shaping user readiness to participate in business affairs. education and income, both indicators of ses, positively impact off–line and online political participation (gibson, et al. some studies address generic activities that are possible off–line as well as online, such as signing petitions, others look at forms restricted to the online world, like creating a political blog. impacts of e-commerce on international business and marketing : a literature review. students in online courses indeed experience less frequent personal exchange than their colleagues in off–line courses (rabe–hemp, et al..bowling online, not alone: online social capital and political participation in singapore2009journal of computer–mediated communication142. limitation of our study is its focus on peer–reviewed journal or conference proceedings publications.(2) in some cases, empowerment also calls established business models into question. “dynamics of community engagement: the role of interpersonal communicative genres in online community,” research in consumer behavior, volume 11, pp. — as we have seen — the topic of online participation is attracting significant attention and the overall research field is growing at a dynamic pace, the existing body of literature is already too large for us to provide an exhaustive overview. government and online engagement: citizen interaction with government vie web portals2006international journal of electronic government research21. some individuals have taken to describing their own health–related experiences online, others comment on or rate health services. we address the following research questions: “which forms of online participation can be distinguished in current research? impact of mobilization media on off–line and online participation: are mobilization effects medium–specific? best and krueger (2005) find that online political participation is best predicted by internet skills and online mobilization, while civic skills and off–line participation do not foster online participation. and political engagement: a study of online political group membership and offline political engagement2012computers in human behavior285. second cluster of studies addresses internet users’ online engagement in business affairs. political: civic engagement in online publics in kazakhstan2012journal of broadcasting & electronic media563. age is another important predictor of online and off–line participation (bridges, et al. whether internet users sign political petitions on the web, are engaged in fan groups, edit wikipedia articles, create and upload artistic vimeo videos, or answer a question on an online health forum; all of these activities can be seen as a form of online participation because they are geared towards a broader audience, some kind of social group or community (schradie, 2011). increasingly, though, research interest is turning to the question of what individuals actually do once they’re online: how (inter)active, productive or capital–enhancing are various internet uses? first, general impacts of e-commerce are important to investigate, because it can serve a good basis of this review and offer a historical view of this topic. citizens and political participation: online media and civic cultures2011taiwan journal of democracy72. literature review serves the following functions for scholars in this field: showing overall picture of the impacts of internet (and web 2. the review draws on four databases and is guided by the application of six topical search terms. mediating path to a stronger citizenship: online and offline networks, weak ties, and civic engagement2010communication research383.

Beyond just politics: A systematic literature review of online

and communication in online youth civic engagement projects2010information, communication & society133..government surveillance and political participation on the internet2005social science computer review234. youths via e–participation initiatives: an investigation into the context of online policy discussion forums2006proceedings of the international working conference on social inclusion — societal and organizational implications for information systems., 2005), but negatively impacts internet use, the overall effect of age on online political participation is ambivalent. in many cases, online participants report benefits from their engagement, e. analyses have found a negative correlation between age and online engagement (grace–farfaglia, et al. on online participation is seldom based on strong social theories, such as social exchange theory, bourdieu’s concept of habitus, foucault’s genealogical approach, rational choice/game theory, social cognitive theory, or social capital theory. in many cases, online participation also leads to better test results compared to off–line courses (davies and graff, 2005; stewart, et al. not all citizens are equally likely to participate politically or civically — a finding that is true for both off–line and online participation. his research is focused on online communication, social media and political communication., online communities also serve as a production and distribution tool for more tangible cultural artefacts. research on online political participation and civic engagement is identified as the most prominent and extensive research field. first, general impacts of e-commerce are important to investigate, because it can serve a good basis of this review and offer a historical view of this topic. rather obvious conclusion of this literature review is that research on online participation could benefit from a more multi– or cross–disciplinary perspective. not all citizens are equally likely to participate politically or civically — a finding that is true for both off–line and online participation. choosing peer–reviewed publications only allowed for a comparison across various disciplines, with the consideration of conference proceedings ensuring that more recent, evolving discourses were not being neglected. still, literature gaps exist in this review and i highlight some of them as well as future research suggestions at the end of this review. engagement in public affairs and online activities geared towards influencing government action. active citizens would embrace the internet for their purposes, while those not participating off–line would not bother engaging online, either., traditional sources online and political participation: an assessment of how the internet is changing the political environment2009new media & society114. for other, more established fields, such as political participation, future reviews might want to weigh search results by centrality or citation frequency (which would also allow for a broader approach, such as applying search terms to titles and abstracts). these findings indicate that online participation can have important social consequences, recent studies also indicate that the effect of socio–demographic antecedents on online participation (as well as its outcomes) may actually vary by the form of participation under observation (blank, 2013; hoffmann, et al. “a comparative analysis of student engagement, learning, and satisfaction in lecture hall and online learning settings,” quarterly review of distance education, volume 10, number 2, pp. accordingly, research is beginning to explore the multidisciplinary nature of online participation: a 2014 pre–conference on the current state of digital divide research organized by the international communication association (ica) featured sessions focusing on domains of internet use as varied as education, entertainment or health. on online participation is seldom based on strong social theories, such as social exchange theory, bourdieu’s concept of habitus, foucault’s genealogical approach, rational choice/game theory, social cognitive theory, or social capital theory. article explores the potential of online media for stakeholder engagement in a more traditional sense: adams and frost (2006) analyze the use of online tools for communicating social and environmental performance to stakeholders in australia, germany and u.., when students start evaluating and grading their teachers in public online forums (asselin and moayeri, 2011). and its impacts on international business and marketing, the benefits and problems of e-commence during international business and marketing processes and the new marketing mix for online marketing. thereby, in each individual field discussed in this review, breadth was chosen over depth. literature tends to stress the benefits for businesses and consumers made possible by new media. again, the four chosen databases were assumed to guarantee a broad and exhaustive overview of the peer–reviewed literature. another group of papers focused very narrowly on ways and means to increase user engagement in specific online platforms. when online and off–line elements are offered simultaneously, the participation in online options has no negative effects on off–line participation (stewart, et al. a number of contributions would by necessity be excluded from the review if their titles did not indicate that they address some aspect of online participation. paper presents a systematic literature review of the current state–of–research on online participation. dutta–bergman’s (2006) study shows that users who were active in online discussion forums in the wake of 09/11 were more active in neighborhood and local communities. future studies should strive for a clear(er) conceptual understanding and definition of online participation.

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(2) in some cases, empowerment also calls established business models into question. a student assistant helped in the first phase of the literature review, downloading the papers and removing doubles, but was not involved in the synthesis of the results. at gender differences, most studies find that men politically participate more actively than women (calenda and meijer, 2009) — off–line as well as online (albrecht, 2006; di gennaro and dutton, 2006; gibson, et al. her research focuses on online communication, social media, corporate communications and the transformation of journalism. it should help facilitate common understandings and conceptualizations of these phenomena across the identified research streams — and thereby further accelerate the academic exploration of crucial questions such as antecedents, activities, levels and outcomes of online participation. this disruption of traditional business models is explored in the context of music piracy, the self-promotion of semi–professional producers and citizen journalism (nguyen, 2006). female students also communicate more actively in online learning environments and make more use of collaborative functionalities (arbaugh, 2000; erstad, 2006; robinson and hullinger, 2008). butterflies and politics: exploring the link between sociability and political engagement, online and off2012journal of information technology & politics94. we acknowledge that a number of important contributions in the respective fields are not included in this overview simply because their titles don’t make them instantly recognizable as pieces of online participation research. those with an open–minded attitude towards technology and a playful approach should be more likely to interact with companies online than those riddled with concerns, e. after reviewed past research literatures in the fields of entrepreneurship and business, marketing, science and technology and management, some relevant findings can be identified and elaborated in this review. his research is focused on online communication, social media and political communication. the failure of an online citizen engagement initiative: the role of internal institutional variables2011journal of information technology & politics81. european participation by online pan–european mobilization2012perspectives on european politics and society133. in summary, all of these recent developments document the rising importance of the ‘online participation’ construct in internet and communication studies. as jenkins (2006) points out, online participants need to believe that their contribution matters, that someone or something will be affected by their contribution. models of internet use and community engagement questioning whether time spent online erodes social capital2002journalism & mass communication quarterly794. some studies address generic activities that are possible off–line as well as online, such as signing petitions, others look at forms restricted to the online world, like creating a political blog. at the end, a conclusion of this review and future research directions that follow the relevant sections are discussed as propositions. longer members engage in online communities, the more important they perceive their membership: in time, social use motives supersede functional ones (cook, et al. in fact, many studies on online participation suffer from a lack of a clear conceptual and theoretical foundation (hoffman, 2012). these findings indicate that online participation can have important social consequences, recent studies also indicate that the effect of socio–demographic antecedents on online participation (as well as its outcomes) may actually vary by the form of participation under observation (blank, 2013; hoffmann, et al..the digital divide, political participation, and place2010social science computer review281., even among youth, male, higher status and better educated citizens are more politically engaged online than their female, lower status and less educated counterparts (livingstone, et al. another group of papers focused very narrowly on ways and means to increase user engagement in specific online platforms. third, the investigations of the benefits and problems of international e-commerce can further identify and explain what effects of e-commerce can bring to international business and marketing processes and clarify which of them are negative or positive. article explores the potential of online media for stakeholder engagement in a more traditional sense: adams and frost (2006) analyze the use of online tools for communicating social and environmental performance to stakeholders in australia, germany and u. researchers of online participation from various disciplines still have to create mutual awareness of their work — and foster an understanding of their common research agenda. a definition provided by wikipedia (2014) even focuses strictly on the social embeddedness of online participation: “online participation is used to describe the interaction between users and online communities on the web. opp&ce is commonly operationalized as an index of several activities that may include (but is not restricted to): political information search and consumption, donating money, writing an e–mail message to a government representative or politician, connecting with like–minded individuals in online communities, sharing photos, videos or sound material, protests, boycotts, and e–voting (best and krueger, 2005; calenda and meijer, 2009; cogburn and espinoza–vasquez, 2011; de zúñiga, et al. activitiescreating and sharing music, movies or poetry online; expressions of social identity; participation in online fan communities. of course, focusing on the peer–reviewed literature necessarily excludes a number of more recent studies and important contributions contained in the grey literature. the higher their levels of online privacy concerns, the lower the likelihood of ohp (han, et al. in other words, we will focus on propositions that we deem salient to the overall research domain of online participation — across all the identified forms of participation. the first four terms were intended to focus the search results on research addressing online or internet phenomena, the second two terms further focused the search results on studies addressing any form of participation.. they find that businesses’ online tools and corporate web sites are primarily geared towards customers and shareholders, but not towards other stakeholder groups. surprising number range of studies do not provide a definition of online participation.

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at the end, a conclusion of this review and future research directions that follow the relevant sections are discussed as propositions., it is easy to grasp the equal importance of the social and motivational dimensions of online participation if we consider the question of what internet “participants” actually participate in. online communities have a thematic focus beyond which members share few similarities. education and income, both indicators of ses, positively impact off–line and online political participation (gibson, et al. many of these propositions concern the development of a robust theoretical framework necessary for online participation research in all current and further, future domains and disciplines. this part basically focuses three aspects: international business, international entrepreneurship and international marketing. research shows that functional motives often explain users’ first contact with online communities. new media enable creative customer input into the development (“open innovation”), design, and production of business offers (franquet, et al. so in some respects, online participation appears limited to the digital sphere. thereby, online participation goes beyond computer–mediated interpersonal communication (hoffman, 2012). yet research on other forms of participation, such as cultural, business, education and health participation, provides distinct perspectives and valuable insights. yet research on other forms of participation, such as cultural, business, education and health participation, provides distinct perspectives and valuable insights. a critique of online citizen engagement in africa2009african journal of political science and international relations34. some individuals have taken to describing their own health–related experiences online, others comment on or rate health services. at the same time, lower ses users profit more from their online participation: they value the information and communication options of the internet particularly highly (van uden–kraan, et al. the literature review presented in this paper, we searched four databases: isi web of knowledge (wok), proquest, ebscohost, and mendeley. we address the following research questions: “which forms of online participation can be distinguished in current research? “journalism in the wake of participatory publishing,” australian journalism review, volume 28, number 1, pp. in other words, we will focus on propositions that we deem salient to the overall research domain of online participation — across all the identified forms of participation. second cluster of studies addresses internet users’ online engagement in business affairs. keywords were employed in the search process and applied to the studies’ titles: “(online or internet or digital or social media) and (participation or engagement)”. while we are confident that the four chosen databases provide a comprehensive overview of the peer–reviewed english literature, and the chosen search terms allow for a broad access to the issues addressed in various disciplines, the application of the search terms to the studies’ titles clearly limits the scope of the search results. we try to identify propositions that are applicable across all five forms of online participation identified in the review. “a comparative analysis of student engagement, learning, and satisfaction in lecture hall and online learning settings,” quarterly review of distance education, volume 10, number 2, pp. thank robin poëll for his support during the first phase of the literature review. government and online engagement: citizen interaction with government vie web portals2006international journal of electronic government research21. european participation by online pan–european mobilization2012perspectives on european politics and society133. thus, the social dynamics of online community membership impact individuals’ sense of self (sandaunet, 2008). the more actively they engage online, the likelier they are to report good coping with their disease, a better general mood, and more optimism in the evaluation of their health expectations (høybye, et al. nevertheless, more active participants in online communities perceive themselves as more satisfied and more advantaged than passive members (nonnecke, et al. internet and the public: online and offline political participation in the united kingdom2006parliamentary affairs592., the concept of online participation implies a motivation to affect others, to influence or change the status quo, even if only in a very minor way. literature tends to stress the benefits for businesses and consumers made possible by new media. online social networking meets offline civic engagement2009journal of information technology & politics63–4. some investigate the question of whether online learning — without mutual exchange or presence learning — leads to social isolation. “participation cycles and emergent cultures in an online community,” international journal of market research, volume 50, number 5, pp. overall, the terms were chose so as to yield as wide a choice of studies as possible potentially pertaining to online participation.

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it rests on established online terminology and describes six groups: lurkers, newbies, regulars, elders, legacy (former elders that gradually “retire” from the community but still command respect), and trolls. in a recent discussion of the concept of online political participation, gadras and greffet [1] note how difficult it is “to distinguish between participating, discussing, engaging and other activities such as reading, particularly, but not specifically, in an online context. we understand oep as individuals’ participation in educational activities based on online media. now, most research on online participation published in english and in peer–reviewed journals has focused on the english–speaking world — or at least on the “western” world. media and fat democracy: the paradox of online participation2009new media & society125. of the identified papers focus on customer participation in business processes. a large number of studies in this domain analyze specific platforms or instruments of online learning. her research focuses on online communication, social media, corporate communications and the transformation of journalism. di gennaro and dutton (2006) find that while online and off–line participants share some similarities, they do not completely overlap. future studies should strive for a clear(er) conceptual understanding and definition of online participation. focus on demographic and political antecedents; gender: men show higher rates of opp&ce than women; age: ambivalent net effect; education and ses: positive effect but (partly) mediated through online skills; political interest: positive effect (possibly mediator for socio–demographic effects). 4: research on online participation should be more theory–based and cumulative. consequently, a debate is emerging on which online activities should actually be considered “true” participation — and which ones can be considered mere symbolic participation or “slacktivism” (ritzi, et al. the past years, many studies have shown that socio–demographic variables influence individuals’ ability to access the internet and use online media (dimaggio, et al. 2 shows the development of research on each form of online participation over time. for an overview of the sub–domains of online participation research as well as salient discourses within these domains, the peer–reviewed literature was held to sufficiently represent the state–of–research. in the final section of this review, i categorized the implications of online international marketing and legal issues for international online marketers, traders and the scholars in this area. we find that research on online participation is highly segregated into specific sub–discourses that reflect disciplinary boundaries. “young citizens and political participation: online media and civic cultures,” taiwan journal of democracy, volume 7, number 2, pp. as jenkins (2006) points out, online participants need to believe that their contribution matters, that someone or something will be affected by their contribution. the internet for information purposes, such as news consumption, has been shown to be positively associated with both online and off–line participation, whereas consuming media for entertainment purposes is negatively related to participation (bakker and de vreese, 2011; de zúñiga, et al. movement participation in the digital age: predicting offline and online collective action2002small group research335.“carrying online participation offline” — mobilization by radical online groups and politically dissimilar offline ties2009journal of communication593.., when students start evaluating and grading their teachers in public online forums (asselin and moayeri, 2011). paper presents a systematic literature review of the current state–of–research on online participation. i addressed this gap in the research literature by reviewing extant literatures in the field of online marketing and business. his dissertation focuses on online participation and his other research interests include social media in science and public administration, online privacy and trust, and digital serendipity. therefore, the field could profit from a more cross–cultural perspective that compares online participation in different social contexts. impacts of e-commerce on international business and marketing : a literature review. best and krueger (2005) find that online political participation is best predicted by internet skills and online mobilization, while civic skills and off–line participation do not foster online participation. only a small minority (less than 10 percent of users) has been shown to use online self–help groups — still, these groups constitute an interesting case of online engagement (van uden–kraan, et al. “young citizens and political participation: online media and civic cultures,” taiwan journal of democracy, volume 7, number 2, pp..the digital divide, political participation, and place2010social science computer review281. we find that research on online participation is highly segregated into specific sub–discourses that reflect disciplinary boundaries. while online, a mutual cause may suffice to create a feeling of belongingness, this may not be a sufficient basis to form friendships in the off–line world. therefore, the field could profit from a more cross–cultural perspective that compares online participation in different social contexts. media literacy education and online civic and political participation by political participation2011international journal of communication6.

again, the inclusion of customers into the production process can increase their attention and loyalty — adapting the business model accordingly can open up new business opportunities and revenue streams (chaney, 2012). 2: research on online participation should be aware of its diversity and consider various forms or areas of participation. the past years, many studies have shown that socio–demographic variables influence individuals’ ability to access the internet and use online media (dimaggio, et al. prefigurative participation: the entwinement of online communication and offline participation in protest events2012new media & society141., 2011), possibly because certain syndromes that stimulate the need for active online exchange have only limited prevalence., some studies also consider online offers for relatives and friends of patients. it will differentiate forms of online participation currently under observation and identify both distinct questions or findings and common themes emerging across disciplinary boundaries. reviewing the marketing mix specifically in e-marketing area; meanwhile stating the weaknesses. in summary, all of these recent developments document the rising importance of the ‘online participation’ construct in internet and communication studies. such findings call for a differentiated, more comprehensive look at online participation and a further clarification of the concept. users can, for example, participate online by e–mailing a complaint to a politician, which, at first glance, constitutes a mere act of interpersonal communication, but is clearly driven by a social purpose. it should help facilitate common understandings and conceptualizations of these phenomena across the identified research streams — and thereby further accelerate the academic exploration of crucial questions such as antecedents, activities, levels and outcomes of online participation. a key purpose of creative online communities is seen in social support and identity formation — through mutual acts of self–assurance (ewing, 2008; rajagopalan, 2011). the script: toward a politics of young people’s digital media participation2010review of education, pedagogy, and cultural studies324..size and e–democracy: online participation in norwegian local politics2009scandinavian political studies324. furthermore, among studies addressing online participation, few subtopics dominate the agenda — most notably aspects of political participation and civic engagement. there is no identifiable common research program on online participation — we expect that researchers do not identify primarily as participation scholars, but rather as management, education or health communication scholars. only one study addresses potential dangers in businesses misusing or opposing customer word–of–mouth online (campbell, et al. this disruption of traditional business models is explored in the context of music piracy, the self-promotion of semi–professional producers and citizen journalism (nguyen, 2006). empirical evidence from the 2004 post–election internet tracking survey2007social science computer review262. studies find that in the realm of ohp, online contacts are rarely transferred to the off–line world (rodgers and chen, 2005). we provide a working definition of online participation in this study that we deem applicable to all the identified fields. users can, for example, participate online by e–mailing a complaint to a politician, which, at first glance, constitutes a mere act of interpersonal communication, but is clearly driven by a social purpose. what are salient discourses and the current state–of–research on each form of online participation? is not only an objective consequence of online engagement, but also a matter of attitude. its creative nature clearly distinguishes online participation from mere consumption or aimless surfing on the web: online participation entails an increased level of activity, effort, or action.., in the context of patient support forums that help individuals cope with illnesses, or in the education area, where participation in online courses allows for more individualized and flexible learning. on oep show that the affordances of the applied technologies influence the effect of online learning. yet, many studies lack a clear understanding or definition of online participation. in addition, the review of marketing mix literatures can be a supplement to the review of impacts of e-commence on international marketing. to date, online participation strictly adheres to disciplinary boundaries with opp&ce dominating the overall picture. impact of mobilization media on off–line and online participation: are mobilization effects medium–specific?, 2011), possibly because certain syndromes that stimulate the need for active online exchange have only limited prevalence. psychological drivers play an important part in shaping user readiness to participate in business affairs. “journalism in the wake of participatory publishing,” australian journalism review, volume 28, number 1, pp.), there appears to be a lack of comprehensive research for their impacts on international business and marketing., 2005), but negatively impacts internet use, the overall effect of age on online political participation is ambivalent.

research on online political participation and civic engagement is identified as the most prominent and extensive research field. in this contribution, we present the results of a systematic literature review on online participation. we provide a working definition of online participation in this study that we deem applicable to all the identified fields. keywords were employed in the search process and applied to the studies’ titles: “(online or internet or digital or social media) and (participation or engagement)”. again, a number of studies apply these findings to the analysis of user engagement in specific online platforms — a field of inquiry not considered in this review. online social networking meets offline civic engagement2009journal of information technology & politics63–4. after providing a thorough picture of this topic, the review deals with an underlying analysis of the topic..campaign ads, online messaging, and participation: extending the communication mediation model2007journal of communication574. for the less developed research fields, such as business or cultural participation, this approach is necessary in order to gain a clear understanding of the relevant discourse. higher levels of experience and self–efficacy, in turn, drive online engagement (ryu, et al. in fact, each individual field identified in this analysis would warrant its own systematic literature review. furthermore, research indicates that students in online courses exhibit more engagement than those in off–line courses (robinson and hullinger, 2008). 2 shows the development of research on each form of online participation over time. the review draws on four databases and is guided by the application of six topical search terms. hence, users can improve their understanding of their own health — and thus their judgment of sensible treatment methods — due to online media. and prevalencepower law distribution of activity: only few users are heavily engaged in online communities; age: younger users show higher levels of ocp; use motives: ocp is often initially driven by functional motives which are then gradually replaced by social motives; social marginalization is held to increase engagement/ocp. controlling for ses, web experience positively affects online political engagement (gibson, et al.., of the quality and credibility of online content (kimber and wyatt–smith, 2010). effects of internet use on political participation: evidence from an agency online discussion forum2004administration & society365. this part basically focuses three aspects: international business, international entrepreneurship and international marketing. third, the investigations of the benefits and problems of international e-commerce can further identify and explain what effects of e-commerce can bring to international business and marketing processes and clarify which of them are negative or positive. in fact, many studies on online participation suffer from a lack of a clear conceptual and theoretical foundation (hoffman, 2012).., in the context of patient support forums that help individuals cope with illnesses, or in the education area, where participation in online courses allows for more individualized and flexible learning. by differentiating and exploring distinct forms of online participation, this study provides an overview of the research field and allows for a more comprehensive approach to the social phenomena related to online participation. it confirms that online participation has quickly gained attention in the past years. media and online political discussion: the effect of cues and informational cascades on participation in online political communities2012new media & society148. the internet allows for the mutual exchange between students even when it is not desired by the education providers, as recent controversy about online teacher or professor evaluations shows (rambe, 2012). after reviewed past research literatures in the fields of entrepreneurship and business, marketing, science and technology and management, some relevant findings can be identified and elaborated in this review. these findings are surrounded the issues as the impacts of internet on international business, entrepreneurship and marketing, the definition of web 2. this chapter will provide an overview of key findings on online political participation and civic engagement (opp&ce). and online civic engagement among adolescents and young adults from three ethnic groups2013journal of youth and adolescence421. and prevalencepower law distribution of activity: only few users are heavily engaged in online communities; age: younger users show higher levels of ocp; use motives: ocp is often initially driven by functional motives which are then gradually replaced by social motives; social marginalization is held to increase engagement/ocp. and communication in online youth civic engagement projects2010information, communication & society133.., studies not addressing any form or dimension of online participation (remaining sample=653). of course, focusing on the peer–reviewed literature necessarily excludes a number of more recent studies and important contributions contained in the grey literature. when online and off–line elements are offered simultaneously, the participation in online options has no negative effects on off–line participation (stewart, et al. effect of internet use on political participation: an analysis of survey results for 16–year–olds in belgium2007social science computer review264.

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prefigurative participation: the entwinement of online communication and offline participation in protest events2012new media & society141. inclusion, belonging and identity formation are considered key outcomes of ocp — again, this outcome is held to be of heightened importance for members of socially marginalized groups; functional outcomes may include attention of peers, critical feedback and public promotion; active participants perceive more benefits and higher levels of satisfaction than do “lurkers”; while social support is a key outcome of ocp, online relations prove difficult to transfer to the off–line world. the managerial implications relate to online international marketing and legal issues will be presented afterwards. those with an open–minded attitude towards technology and a playful approach should be more likely to interact with companies online than those riddled with concerns, e. thereby, online participation goes beyond computer–mediated interpersonal communication (hoffman, 2012). students in online courses indeed experience less frequent personal exchange than their colleagues in off–line courses (rabe–hemp, et al. systematic literature review requires the specification of conceptually guided keywords. thereby, this study will serve to address the current lack of common understandings, definitions and conceptual frameworks in the field of online participation research — and allow for a more comprehensive perspective on the diverse forms and aspects of online participation. a total of 132 identified articles, this is by far the most extensive field of inquiry when it comes to online participation. users suffering from a disease or from subjective social isolation are most likely to engage in online self–help groups (rodgers and chen, 2005)., online communities also serve as a production and distribution tool for more tangible cultural artefacts. fociinternet effects; new forms of engagement; participation divides; online — off–line link (slacktivism). this left 194 articles, 132 of which are on political participation & civic engagement, 15 on business participation, 15 on cultural participation, 20 on education participation, and 12 on health participation (figure 1). and prevalencewhile information seeking is a widely accepted practice, only few users engage in online forums and support groups. to date, online participation strictly adheres to disciplinary boundaries with opp&ce dominating the overall picture. using online tools to advance adult civic engagement2012new directions for adult and continuing education2012135. accordingly, research is beginning to explore the multidisciplinary nature of online participation: a 2014 pre–conference on the current state of digital divide research organized by the international communication association (ica) featured sessions focusing on domains of internet use as varied as education, entertainment or health. these findings are surrounded the issues as the impacts of internet on international business, entrepreneurship and marketing, the definition of web 2. it will differentiate forms of online participation currently under observation and identify both distinct questions or findings and common themes emerging across disciplinary boundaries. what are salient discourses and the current state–of–research on each form of online participation? 1: online participation should be clearly defined as an activity distinct from information and communication. interactivity and richness in stakeholder relations can increase trust and customer satisfaction; new media provide new tools for critical engagement of corporations, but online engagement also creates buy–in effects (organizational citizenship); online participation constitutes a disruptive innovation for some business models (e. 3: research on online participation should apply more mixed methods, relational and longitudinal approaches., it is easy to grasp the equal importance of the social and motivational dimensions of online participation if we consider the question of what internet “participants” actually participate in. this left 194 articles, 132 of which are on political participation & civic engagement, 15 on business participation, 15 on cultural participation, 20 on education participation, and 12 on health participation (figure 1). studies reviewed either rely on quantitative, explanatory methods based on survey data (mostly regression) or on qualitative, descriptive approaches (mostly case studies). controlling for ses, web experience positively affects online political engagement (gibson, et al. many of these propositions concern the development of a robust theoretical framework necessary for online participation research in all current and further, future domains and disciplines. there is no generally accepted definition of online participation in this field, a number of the identified articles rely on a definition of participation provided by verba, et al. objective of this literature review is to illustrate the impacts of internet on international business, entrepreneurship and marketing as well as to identify benefits and problems of internet in these commercial processes.. here, 16 percent of the population have published political pictures or videos online during the last 12 months, and 34 percent have carried out one of these four activities online: signing a petition, contacting a member of parliament, writing a letter to the editor, or publishing a news or blog commentary (smith, 2013). with a historical concepts overview that provides the basis of this topic, the review moves into a collection of the impacts of the internet (and web 2. “dynamics of community engagement: the role of interpersonal communicative genres in online community,” research in consumer behavior, volume 11, pp. butterflies and politics: exploring the link between sociability and political engagement, online and off2012journal of information technology & politics94. rather obvious conclusion of this literature review is that research on online participation could benefit from a more multi– or cross–disciplinary perspective. the managerial implications relate to online international marketing and legal issues will be presented afterwards. her research focuses on online communication, social media, corporate communications and the transformation of journalism.

the more actively they engage online, the likelier they are to report good coping with their disease, a better general mood, and more optimism in the evaluation of their health expectations (høybye, et al. again, the four chosen databases were assumed to guarantee a broad and exhaustive overview of the peer–reviewed literature. nevertheless, more active participants in online communities perceive themselves as more satisfied and more advantaged than passive members (nonnecke, et al., we derive a number of propositions from our analysis that may serve to guide future research into online participation. choosing peer–reviewed publications only allowed for a comparison across various disciplines, with the consideration of conference proceedings ensuring that more recent, evolving discourses were not being neglected., some studies also consider online offers for relatives and friends of patients. is not only an objective consequence of online engagement, but also a matter of attitude. recent review of theoretical perspectives in communication and internet research identified “online participation” as one of six emerging global themes (rice and fuller, 2013)., we derive a number of propositions from our analysis that may serve to guide future research into online participation. communities play a key role in ocp studies, empirical analyses have found that online engagement is only rarely transferred to the off–line world (nonnecke, et al. impacts of e-commerce on international business and marketing : a literature review. one notable approach is to conceptualize online participation as online content creation and sharing. just as lay users start reporting and commenting on current affairs, students self–organize their learning experience and patients find information and support online. some studies notice that customer participation entails a shift in value creation — commonly increasing the benefit received by the customer, in some cases decreasing the benefit for the business (chaney, 2012), in others providing new sources of value creation (franquet, et al. furthermore, research indicates that students in online courses exhibit more engagement than those in off–line courses (robinson and hullinger, 2008). studies reviewed either rely on quantitative, explanatory methods based on survey data (mostly regression) or on qualitative, descriptive approaches (mostly case studies). after providing a thorough picture of this topic, the review deals with an underlying analysis of the topic. of the identified papers focus on customer participation in business processes. fociinternet effects; new forms of engagement; participation divides; online — off–line link (slacktivism). 3: research on online participation should apply more mixed methods, relational and longitudinal approaches. broad spectrum of online activities figures under the label of opp&ce: in some cases, the mere search for information — such as googling a politician’s name — is already seen as a form of opp&ce (e. di gennaro and dutton (2006) show that younger citizens rely more heavily on online than off–line participation. at gender differences, most studies find that men politically participate more actively than women (calenda and meijer, 2009) — off–line as well as online (albrecht, 2006; di gennaro and dutton, 2006; gibson, et al. for the less developed research fields, such as business or cultural participation, this approach is necessary in order to gain a clear understanding of the relevant discourse. political: civic engagement in online publics in kazakhstan2012journal of broadcasting & electronic media563. experts in the respective fields will easily identify individual studies missing from the review. an empirical investigation of outcomes of online engagement,” paper presented at the 2014 annual conference of the international communication association (ica), seattle (22–26 may). at the same time, initial findings show that online participation depends heavily on the specific social, political and cultural context (calenda and meijer, 2009; george, 2005). the analysis strives to differentiate distinct forms of online participation and to identify salient discourses within each research field. 1: online participation should be clearly defined as an activity distinct from information and communication.“carrying online participation offline” — mobilization by radical online groups and politically dissimilar offline ties2009journal of communication593. these studies explore how new media can strengthen the exchange relationships between businesses and their customers in the vein of relationship marketing (dabholkar and sheng, 2012; sashi, 2012). age is another important predictor of online and off–line participation (bridges, et al. mediating path to a stronger citizenship: online and offline networks, weak ties, and civic engagement2010communication research383. youths via e–participation initiatives: an investigation into the context of online policy discussion forums2006proceedings of the international working conference on social inclusion — societal and organizational implications for information systems. the small number of publications in this field shows that the management and business literature on web use is seldom framed within a participation discourse. finally, social–cognitive studies indicate that self–efficacy acts as an important driver in fostering online engagement (compeau, et al.

an interesting example of the increasing importance of social uses for community members are online fan communities. one notable approach is to conceptualize online participation as online content creation and sharing. experts in the respective fields will easily identify individual studies missing from the review. his dissertation focuses on online participation and his other research interests include social media in science and public administration, online privacy and trust, and digital serendipity. it confirms that online participation has quickly gained attention in the past years. in a recent discussion of the concept of online political participation, gadras and greffet [1] note how difficult it is “to distinguish between participating, discussing, engaging and other activities such as reading, particularly, but not specifically, in an online context. the internet provides access to financial information and also facilitates access to the capital market (online banking/brokerage). consequently, a debate is emerging on which online activities should actually be considered “true” participation — and which ones can be considered mere symbolic participation or “slacktivism” (ritzi, et al. “producing a systematic review,” in: david buchanan and alan bryman (editors). their literature overview suggests a stronger link between internet use and online political participation than off–line political participation. using online tools to advance adult civic engagement2012new directions for adult and continuing education2012135. the analysis strives to differentiate distinct forms of online participation and to identify salient discourses within each research field. objective of this literature review is to illustrate the impacts of internet on international business, entrepreneurship and marketing as well as to identify benefits and problems of internet in these commercial processes. the search terms to the studies’ titles alone constitutes an important limitation of the review. (2009) discuss the effects of internet use on both online and off–line political participation. and political engagement: a study of online political group membership and offline political engagement2012computers in human behavior285. activitiescreating and sharing music, movies or poetry online; expressions of social identity; participation in online fan communities. and prevalencewhile information seeking is a widely accepted practice, only few users engage in online forums and support groups. media literacy education and online civic and political participation by political participation2011international journal of communication6. on the contrary, women use online courses more often than men (caspi, et al. it rests on established online terminology and describes six groups: lurkers, newbies, regulars, elders, legacy (former elders that gradually “retire” from the community but still command respect), and trolls.(4) finally, we find significant interest in the question of the online — off–line transfer of participation, i. again, a number of studies apply these findings to the analysis of user engagement in specific online platforms — a field of inquiry not considered in this review. yet we find that the fragmentation of online participation research into distinct fields or streams leads to both unnecessary gaps within fields and redundancies across fields. and its impacts on international business and marketing, the benefits and problems of e-commence during international business and marketing processes and the new marketing mix for online marketing. focionline communities; cultural artefacts; social identity; community roles; use motives; fan culture. — as we have seen — the topic of online participation is attracting significant attention and the overall research field is growing at a dynamic pace, the existing body of literature is already too large for us to provide an exhaustive overview.. a study by emmer and colleagues (2012), for example, shows that german citizens’ off–line political participation far outweighs their online participation. thereby, this study will serve to address the current lack of common understandings, definitions and conceptual frameworks in the field of online participation research — and allow for a more comprehensive perspective on the diverse forms and aspects of online participation. the search terms to the studies’ titles alone constitutes an important limitation of the review. on the contrary, women use online courses more often than men (caspi, et al. an interesting example of the increasing importance of social uses for community members are online fan communities. we were able to differentiate forms of online participation considered in current research and identify differing foci, discourses and findings. female students also communicate more actively in online learning environments and make more use of collaborative functionalities (arbaugh, 2000; erstad, 2006; robinson and hullinger, 2008). in some cases, online participation is even equated with opp&ce. people, political participation and online postmaterialism in greece2011new media & society132. yet, many studies lack a clear understanding or definition of online participation.

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  • with a historical concepts overview that provides the basis of this topic, the review moves into a collection of the impacts of the internet (and web 2. broad spectrum of online activities figures under the label of opp&ce: in some cases, the mere search for information — such as googling a politician’s name — is already seen as a form of opp&ce (e. yet, a number of case studies found that social relations or support networks created online are difficult to transfer to the off–line sphere, as common interests may be sufficiently strong to support an online community, but not to nurture real world friendships. (2009) discuss the effects of internet use on both online and off–line political participation. in many cases, online participation also leads to better test results compared to off–line courses (davies and graff, 2005; stewart, et al. while online, a mutual cause may suffice to create a feeling of belongingness, this may not be a sufficient basis to form friendships in the off–line world. only a small minority (less than 10 percent of users) has been shown to use online self–help groups — still, these groups constitute an interesting case of online engagement (van uden–kraan, et al. users suffering from a disease or from subjective social isolation are most likely to engage in online self–help groups (rodgers and chen, 2005). some investigate the question of whether online learning — without mutual exchange or presence learning — leads to social isolation. offering managerial implications of online international marketing and its potential legal issues. “producing a systematic review,” in: david buchanan and alan bryman (editors). we propose that three such dimensions are of critical importance to the concept of “online participation”: (1) the creative dimension: online participation is commonly associated with the creation and sharing of content on the web; (2) the social dimension: the creation and sharing activity is commonly embedded in some form of social group or community; and, (3) the motivational dimension: online participation is commonly associated with the pursuit of a social purpose. it should be noted that all three definitional dimensions are not necessarily equally salient in all forms of online participation. effects of internet use on political participation: evidence from an agency online discussion forum2004administration & society365. media and social networking sites: the politics of individuation and political participation2011communication review143. thus, the social dynamics of online community membership impact individuals’ sense of self (sandaunet, 2008). an empirical investigation of outcomes of online engagement,” paper presented at the 2014 annual conference of the international communication association (ica), seattle (22–26 may)..campaign ads, online messaging, and participation: extending the communication mediation model2007journal of communication574. a large number of studies in this domain analyze specific platforms or instruments of online learning., even among youth, male, higher status and better educated citizens are more politically engaged online than their female, lower status and less educated counterparts (livingstone, et al. accordingly, online business participation (obp) encompasses online participation geared towards corporations.(4) finally, we find significant interest in the question of the online — off–line transfer of participation, i. national cultures differ in their conduciveness to online participation (grace–farfaglia, et al. media and online political discussion: the effect of cues and informational cascades on participation in online political communities2012new media & society148.), there appears to be a lack of comprehensive research for their impacts on international business and marketing. not expressly defining the concept of “online participation”, jenkins’ description encompasses a number of elements or definitional dimensions frequently encountered in online participation research. yet, a number of case studies found that social relations or support networks created online are difficult to transfer to the off–line sphere, as common interests may be sufficiently strong to support an online community, but not to nurture real world friendships. the small number of publications in this field shows that the management and business literature on web use is seldom framed within a participation discourse. wok is often used for systematic literature reviews because it is relatively comprehensive (denyer and tranfield, 2009). the fact that online courses are more self–regulated and require more self–discipline might explain this finding. online participants are more partisan and less trusting in traditional media than off–line participants (kaufhold, et al. activitiesseeking out health–related information and information on treatment options; discussing health–related issues in self–help forums; participating in support groups; online engagement in campaigns (e. in fact, each individual field identified in this analysis would warrant its own systematic literature review. impacts of e-commerce on international business and marketing : a literature review. so in some respects, online participation appears limited to the digital sphere. thank robin poëll for his support during the first phase of the literature review. reviewing the marketing mix specifically in e-marketing area; meanwhile stating the weaknesses.

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